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Leet o wather records

Wikimedia leet airticle
(Reguidit frae Leet o weather records)

This is a leet o wather records, a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories.

Temperatur eedit

Measurin condeetions eedit

The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").[1] The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods.

Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50 °C.[1] A grund temperature o 84 °C (183.2 °F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.[2] A grund temperatur o 93.9 °C (201 °F) wis recordit in Furnace Creek, Death Valley, Californie, USA on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.[3] The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100 °C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.[4]

Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.) Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.[1]

Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2 °C (−136 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2 °C.[5][6]

Heat eedit

Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent eedit

 
A warld cairt shawin auries wi Köppen BWh (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during the hettest saisons.

Africae[notes 1] eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Algerie 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) El Bayadh, El Bayadh Province / Ouargla, Ouargla Province 2 September 1979[9]/5 Julie 2018[8]
  Botswana 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Maun 7 Januar 2016[10]
  Burkina Faso 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Dori 1984[11]
  Chad 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) Faya-Largeau 22 Juin 2010[12]
  Comoros 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) Hahaya Internaitional Airport 15 November 2017[13]
  Eswatini (Swaziland) 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Lavumisa ?[14]
  Ghana 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) Navrongo 26 Mairch 2017[13]
  Guinea 45 °C (113 °F) Koundara, Boké Region 29 Mairch 2017[13]
  Niger 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) Diffa 7 September 1978[15]
  Nigerie 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) Yola 3 Apryle 2010[12]
  Réunion 36.9 °C (98.4 °F) Le Port 6 Mairch 2004[16]
  Sooth Africae 50 °C (122 °F) Dunbrody, Eastren Cape 3 November 1918[17]
  Sudan 49.7 °C (121.5 °F) Dongola 25 Juin 2010[12]
  Tunisie 55 °C (131 °F) Kebili 7 Julie 1931[18]
  Wastren Sahara 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Semara 13 Julie 1961[7]
  Zambie 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Mfuwe, Eastren Province 13 October 2010[12]

Antarcticae eedit

Kintra/Region Temperature Toun/Location Date
  Antarcticae (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S) 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) Signy Resairch Station, Sooth Orkney Islands 30 Januar 1982[19]
  Antarcticae (mainland an adjynin islands) 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) Esperanza Base, Trinity Peninsula 24 Mairch 2015[20][21]
  Antarcticae (Antarctic Plateau > 2,500 metre (8,202 ft)) −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: 2,500 metre (8,202 ft)) 28 December 1989[22]
Sooth Pole −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station 25 December 2011[23]

Asie eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Afghanistan 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) Farah August 2009[24]
  Armenie 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) Meghri 1 August 2011[25][26]
  Azerbaijan 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Julfa an Ordubad ?[27]
  Bangladesh 45.1 °C (113.2 °F) Rajshahi 30 Mey 1972[28]
  Bhutan 40 °C (104 °F) Phuentsholing 27 August 1997[29]
  Cambodie 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) Preah Vihear 15 Apryle 2016[30]
  Cheenae 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) Erbao Tounship, Turpan, Xinjiang 10 Julie 2017[31]
  Hong Kong 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) Wetland Park 22 August 2017[13]
  Macau 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) Coloane 22 August 2017[13]
  Indie 51.0 °C (123.8 °F) Phalodi, Rajasthan 19 May 2016[32]
  Indonesie 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) Jatiwangi, Majalengka Regency, Wast Java /
Semarang, Central Java 		December 2006 /
27 October 2015[33]
  Iran 54 °C (129 °F) Ahvaz Airport (OIAW) 29 Juin 2017.[7][34][35]
  Iraq 53.8 °C (128.8 °F) Basra 22 Julie 2016[34][36]
  Israel 54 °C (129 °F) Tirat Zvi 21 Juin 1942[37][notes 2]
  Japan 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) Kumagaya, Saitama 23 Julie 2018[39]
  Jordan 50 °C (122 °F) Jordan University Agriculture Research Center 6 September 2002[40]
  Kuwait 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) Mitribah 21 Julie 2016[41][notes 3]
  Kyrgyzstan 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) ? ?[42]
  Laos 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) Seno 12 Apryle 2016[30]
  Malaysie 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) Chuping 9 Apryle 1998[43]
  Maldives 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) Hanimaadhoo 16 Apryle 2016[30]
  Mongolia 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province 24 Julie 1999[44]
  Myanmar 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Myinmu 14 Mey 2010[45][46]
    Nepal 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Chisapani ?[47]
  Oman 50.8 °C (123.4 °F) Buraimi,
Sohar,
Qurayyat 		Julie 1990,
Mey 2009,
30 Mey 2017[48]
  Pakistan 53.7 °C (128.7 °F) Turbat 28 Mey 2017[41]
  Philippines 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley 12 Apryle 1912, 11 Mey 1969[49]
  Qatar 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) Doha 14 Julie 2010[12]
  Roushie (Siberie) 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) Belogorsk, Amur Oblast 12 Julie 2010[50]
  Saudi Arabie 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Jeddah 23 Juin 2010[51]
  Singapore 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) Tengah 17 Apryle 1983[52]
  Sooth Korea 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) Hongcheon, Gangwon Province 1 August 2018[53]
  Sirie 49.4 °C (120.9 °F) ? ?[54]
  Taiwan 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Tianxiang, Hualien Coonty 9 Julie 2018[8][55]
  Thailand 44.6 °C (112.3 °F) Mae Hong Son 28 Apryle 2016[30]
  Turkey 49.0 °C (120.2 °F) Cizre, Şırnak Province 27 August 1961[56]
  Turkmenistan 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert 28 Julie 1983[57][58]
  Unitit Arab Emirates 52.1 °C (125.8 °F) Al Jazeera Mairch Gate Julie 2002[59][60]
  Vietnam 43.4 °C (110.1 °F) Huong Khe Destrict 20 Apryle 2019[61]

Europe eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Albanie 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) Tirana 1973[62]
  Austrick 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 8 August 2013[63]
  Belaroushie 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) Gomel 7 August 2010[12]
  Belgium 41.8 °C (107.2 °F) Begijnendijk, Flemish Brabant[notes 4] 25 Julie 2019[64]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) Mostar 31 Julie 1901[65][66]
  Bulgarie 45.2 °C (113.4 °F) Sadovo, Plovdiv Province 5 August 1916[67]
  Croatie 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) Ploče 5 August 1981[68]
  Cyprus 45.6 °C (114.1 °F) Nicosia 1 August 2010[12]
  Czech Republic 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) Dobřichovice, Prague-Wast Destrict 20 August 2012[69]
  Denmark 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) Holstebro, Midtjylland 10 August 1975[70]
  Estonie 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Võru 11 August 1992[71]
  Finland 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) Joensuu Airport, Liperi 29 Julie 2010[72]
  Fraunce 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Vérargues, Hérault 28 Juin 2019[66]
  Germany 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) Lingen, Lawer Saxony[notes 4] 25 Julie 2019[73]
  Greece 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Athens [notes 5] 10 Julie 1977[75]
  Hungary 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) Kiskunhalas 20 Julie 2007[76]
  Iceland 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur 22 Juin 1939[77][78]
  Ireland 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) Kilkenny Castle, Coonty Kilkenny 26 Juin 1887[79]
  Italy 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) Foggia, Apulie [notes 6] 25 Juin 2007[80][81]
  Latvie 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Ventspils 4 August 2014[82]
  Lithuanie 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) Zarasai, Utena Coonty 30 Julie 1994[83]
  Luxembourg 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Steinsel, Luxembourg[notes 4] 25 Julie 2019[84]
  Maltae 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) Maltae Internaitional Airport 9 August 1999[85][86]
  Moldovae 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Falesti 7 August 2012[87]
  Montenegro 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Podgorica & Danilovgrad 16 August 2007 /
8 August 2012[88]
  Netherlands 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) Gilze en Rijen[notes 4] 25 Julie 2019[89]
  North Macedonie 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija 24 Julie 2007[90]
  Norawa 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Nesbyen, Buskerud 20 Juin 1970[91]
  Poland 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) Prószków[notes 7] 29 Julie 1921[93]
  Portugal 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Amareleja, Beja 1 August 2003[94]
  Romanie 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) Ion Sion, Brăila Coonty 10 August 1951[95]
  Roushie (in Europe) 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) Utta, Kalmykie 12 Julie 2010[96]
  San Marino 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Serravalle 3 August 2017, 9 August 2017[13]
  Serbie 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje 24 Julie 2007[97]
  Slovakie 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Hurbanovo 20 Julie 2007[98]
  Slovenie 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Cerklje ob Krki 8 August 2013[99]
  Spain 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) Montoro, Cordoba (as Montoro Vega Armijo) 13 Julie 2017[100]
  Swaden 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Ultuna, Uppsala Coonty/
Målilla, Kalmar County (tied) 		9 Julie 1933 /
29 Juin 1947[101]
   Swisserland 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) Grono, Moesa Destrict 11 August 2003[102]
  Ukraine 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) Luhansk 12 August 2010[103]
  Unitit Kinrick 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) Cambridge, Cambridgeshire[notes 4] 25 Julie 2019[104][105]
  Vatican Ceety 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) Vatican Ceety 2 August 2017[13]

North Americae eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Anguilla 34.2 °C (93.6 °F) The Valley 12 September 2015[106]
  Antigua an Barbuda 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport, St. John's 12 August 1995[107][108]
  Breetish Virgin Islands 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport 22 Julie 2016[109]
  Canadae 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan
Midale, Saskatchewan 		5 Julie 1937[110]
  Cayman Islands 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport, Grand Cayman 21 August 2016[109]
  Cuba 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) Veguitas (Granma Province) 30 Juin 2019[111]
  Dominica 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Canefield Airport 3 October 2015[106]
  Dominican Republic 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) Mao 31 August 1954[112]
  Greenland 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) Ivittuut 23 Juin 1915[113][114][115]
  Guatemala 45 °C (113 °F) Estanzuela, Zacapa ?[116]
  Martinique 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) Saint-Pierre 6 October 2010[117]
  Mexico 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Mexicali area 28 Julie 1995[118][119]
  Panama 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) San Francisco 20 Mairch 1998[120]
  Puerto Rico 40 °C (104 °F) Mona Island 2 Julie 1996[121]
  United States 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) Furnace Creek, Death Valley, Californie 10 Julie 1913[122][123][124]
  Unitit States Virgin Islands 37 °C (99 °F) Saint Thomas/

Cruz Bay

4 August 1994 an 23 Juin 1996[121]
31 July 1988[121]

Oceanie[notes 8] eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Australie 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie 2 Januar 1960[125][126][127]
  Marshall Islands 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Utirik Atoll 24 August 2016[109]
  New Zealand 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Rangiora, Canterbury /
Jordan, Marlborough (tied) 		7 Februar 1973[128]
  Palau 35 °C (95 °F) Koror 22 Mairch 2018[129]
  Samoa 35.3 °C (95.5 °F) Asau 24 December 1968[130]
  Solomon Islands 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) Honiara, Guadalcanal Province 1 Februar 2010[12]
  Tonga 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Niuafoou 1 Februar 2016[109]
  Vanuatu 36.2 °C (97.2 °F) Lamap Malekula 8 Februar 2016[109]
  Wallis and Futuna 35.8 °C (96.4 °F) Futuna Airport 10 Januar 2016[109]

Sooth Americae[notes 9] eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Argentinae 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) * Rivadavia, Salta Province 11 December 1905[125][131][132]
  Bolivie 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) Villamontes, Tarija Depairtment 29 October 2010[12][notes 10]
  Brazil 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Nova Maringá, Mato Grosso 4 November 2020, 5 November 2020[133]
  Chile 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Quillón, Biobio Region[notes 11] 26 Januar 2017[134][135]
  Colombie 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca 29 December 2015[136]
  French Guiana 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 27 September 2016[109]
  Paraguay 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Depairtment 14 November 2009[137]
  Peru 48.3 °C (118.9 °F) Juan Guerra, San Martín 3 November 2018[138]
  Uruguay 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Paysandú, Paysandú Depairtment 20 Januar 1943[139][140]
  Venezuela 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón 29 Apryle 2015[106]

Ither heich-temperature records eedit

  • Fastest temperatur rise: 27 °C (49 °F) in twa minutes; Spearfish, Sooth Dakota, 1943-01-22.[141]
  • Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8 °C (100 °F): 160 days; Marble Bar, Wastren Australie frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.[142]
  • Surface temperatur: Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or "skin" surface temperaturs: the MODIS satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), in the Lut Desert o Iran, the hettest detectit.[143]

Cauld eedit

Lawest temperaturs recordit eedit

Bi continent eedit

Africae eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Algerie −13.8 °C (7.2 °F) Mécheria 28 January 2005[9]
  Burkina Faso 5 °C (41 °F) Markoye January 1975[11]
  Botswana −15.0 °C (5.0 °F) Tsabong ?[144]
  Eswatini (Swaziland) −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) Big Bend ?[14]
  Ghana 11.0 °C (51.8 °F) Kumasi, Tafo ?[145]
  Guinea 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) Bareing 2 Januar 1982[146]
  Lesotho −21.0 °C (−5.8 °F) ? ?[147]
  Morocco −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) Ifrane 11 Februar 1935[148]
  Niger −2.4 °C (27.7 °F) Bilma 13 Januar 1995[15]
  Réunion −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) Gite de Bellecome 10 September 1975[16]
  Sooth Africae −20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastren Cape 23 August 2013[149]
  Sudan −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Zalingei December 1961 an Januar 1962[150]

Antarcticae eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Antarcticae −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) Vostok Station 21 Julie 1983[125][141][151][notes 12]
Dome A −82.5 °C (−116.5 °F) Dome A Julie 2005[152]
Sooth Pole −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station 23 Juin 1982[153]

Asie eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Afghanistan −52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) Shahrak Januar 1964[24]
  Armenie −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) Paghakn an Ashocq 1961[25]
  Azerbaijan −33.0 °C (−27.4 °F) Julfa an Ordubad ?[27]
  Bangladesh 2.6 °C (36.7 °F) Tetulia Upazila 8 Januar 2018[154]
  Cheenae −58 °C (−72 °F) Genhe, Inner Mongolie 31 December 2009[155]
  Hong Kong −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Tai Mo Shan 24 January 2016[156]
  Indie −44.9 °C (−48.8 °F) Dras, Jammu an Kashmir 22 Mairch 1911[157]
  Iran −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Saqqez 1972[158]
  Israel −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) Merom Golan 10 Januar 2015[159]
  Japan −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Asahikawa, Hokkaidō 25 Januar 1902[39]
  Jordan −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Shoubak 15 December 2013[40]
  Kuwait −4.8 °C (23.4 °F) Salmy 3 Januar 2009[160]
  Kyrgyzstan −53.6 °C (−64.5 °F) ? ?[42]
  Malaysie 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) Cameron Hielands 1 February 1978[43]
  Maldives 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) Hulhulé Island, locatit at Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport 11 Apryle 1978[161]
  Mongolie −55.3 °C (−67.5 °F) Züüngovi, Uvs Province 31 December 1976[44][162]
  Myanmar −57.9 °C (−72.2 °F) Hkakabo Razi unknown[163]
    Nepal −26.0 °C (−14.8 °F) Thakmarpha, Mustang destrict ?[47]
  North Korea −43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) Chunggangjin 12 January 1933[164]
  Pakistan −24 °C (−11 °F) Skardu 7 January 1995[165]
  Philippines 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) Baguio 18 January 1961[49][166] [notes 13]
  Qatar 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) Abu Samra 5 Februar 2017[13]
  Roushie (Siberie) −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) Verkhoyansk an
Oymyakon, baith in Sakha Republic 		7 February 1892
6 February 1933[168]
  Saudi Arabie −12.0 °C (10.4 °F) Turaif ?[169]
  Singapore 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) Paya Lebar 14 Februar 1989[52]
  Sooth Korea −32.6 °C (−26.7 °F) Yangpyeong 5 January 1981[170]
  Sirie −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Idlib Januar 1951[171]
  Taiwan −18.4 °C (−1.1 °F) Yushan 31 Januar 1970[172]
  Thailand −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) Sakon Nakhon 2 Januar 1974[173]
  Turkey −46.4 °C (−51.5 °F) Çaldıran, Van Province 9 Januar 1990[56]
  Turkmenistan −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Daşoguz Region ?[57]
  United Arab Emirates −5.4 °C (22.3 °F) Jebel Jais 3 Februar 2017[13]
  Vietnam −6.1 °C (21.0 °F) Sa Pa 4 Januar 1974[174]

Europe eedit

Country/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Albanie −25.8 °C (−14.4 °F) ? [175]
  Austrick −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Grünloch doline 19 Februar 1932[176]
  Belaroushie −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Slavnom, Vitsebsk Voblast 17 Januar 1940[177]
  Belgium −30.1 °C (−22.2 °F) Valley o the Lesse in Rochefort 20 Januar 1940[178]
  Bosnie an Herzegovinae −42.5 °C (−44.5 °F) Igman in Sarajevo Canton 24 Januar 1963[179]
  Bulgarie −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F) Tran 25 Januar 1947[67]
  Croatie −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) Čakovec 3 Februar 1929[180]
  Cyprus −16 °C (3 °F) ? [181]
  Czech Republic −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Litvínovice 11 Februar 1929[69]
  Denmark −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region 8 Januar 1982[70]
  Estonia −43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) Jõgeva, Jõgeva Coonty 17 Januar 1940[71]
  Finland −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland 28 Januar 1999[72]
  France −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Mouthe, Doubs 17 Januar 1985[182]
  Germany −45.9 °C (−50.6 °F) Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavarie 24 December 2001[183]
  Greece −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) Ptolemaida 27 Januar 1963[74]
  Hungary −35 °C (−31 °F) Görömbölytapolca 16 Februar 1940[76]
  Iceland −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) Grímsstaðir 21 Januar 1918[77]
  Ireland −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) Markree Castle, County Sligo 16 Januar 1881[79]
  Italy −49.6 °C (−57.3 °F) Busa Fradusta, Pale di San Martino 10 Februar 2013[184]
  Latvie −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) Daugavpils 8 February 1956[82]
  Lithuanie −42.9 °C (−45.2 °F) Utena, Utena Coonty 1 February 1956[83]
  Malta 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) Maltae Internaitional Airport 29 Januar 1981[85][86]
  Moldovae −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) Brătușeni, Edineț Destrict 20 Januar 1963[87]
  Netherlands −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) Winterswijk 27 Januar 1942[185]
  North Macedonie −31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) Berovo, Berovo Municipality 27 Januar 1954[186]
  Norawa −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) Karasjok, Finnmark 1 Januar 1886[91]
  Poland −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship 11 Januar 1940[93]
  Portugal −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro 		16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954[187]
  Romanie −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) Bod, Braşov Coonty 25 January 1942[188]
  European Roushie −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) Ust' Shchugor, Komi Republic 31 December 1978[75]
  Serbie −39.5 °C (−39.1 °F) Karajukica Bunari, Zlatibor Destrict 13 Januar 1985[97]
  Slovakie −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Vígľaš-Pstruša 11 Februar 1929[98]
  Slovenie −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F) Babno Polje 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968[notes 14][189]
  Spain −30 °C (−22 °F) Calamocha Airport, Teruel Province 17 December 1963[190]
  Sweden −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Vuoggatjålme, Lappland 2 Februar 1966[101]
   Swisserland −41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) La Brévine 12 Januar 1987[102]
  Ukraine −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) Luhansk 8 Januar 1935[103][191]
  Unitit Kinrick −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) Braemar, Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra, Sutherland 		11 Februar 1895
10 Januar 1982
30 December 1995[105]

North Americae eedit

Kintra/Region Temperatur Toun/Location Date
  Antigua an Barbuda 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport, Antigua 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976[107][108]
  Canada −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) Snag, Yukon 3 February 1947[141][192]
  Cayman Islands 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport, Grand Cayman ?[193]
  Cuba 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) Bainoa, Mayabeque Province 18 February 1996[111][194]
  Dominican Republic −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province 17 January 1983[195]
  Greenland −66.1 °C (−87.0 °F) North Ice 9 Januar 1954[196]
  Guatemala −11.5 °C (11.3 °F) Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department ?[116]
  Martinique 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) Le Lamentin 25 December 1964[117]
  Panama 2.0 °C (35.6 °F) Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province 20 February 1995[120]
  Puerto Rico 4 °C (40 °F) Aibonito/San Sebastian 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966[121]
  US Virgin Islands 10.6 °C (51.0 °F) Anna's Hope, Saint Croix 31 January 1954[121]
  Unitit States
(  Alaska) 		−62.2 °C (−80.0 °F) Prospect Creek, Alaska 23 January 1971[197]
  Unitit States
(  Hawaii) 		−11.1 °C (12.0 °F) Mauna Kea, Hawaii 17 May 1979[198]
  Unitit States
(Mainland) 		−57.0 °C (−70.6 °F) Rogers Pass, Montana 20 January 1954[199]

Sooth Americae eedit

Kintra/Region Temperature Toun/Location Date
  Argentinae −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Sarmiento, Chubut Province 1 Juin 1907[200]
  Brazil −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) Caçador, Santa Catarina 11 Juin 1952[201][202]
  Chile −37 °C (−34.6 °F) Coyhaique Alto, Aysen Region 21 June 2002[203]
  French Guiana 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) Maripasoula 23 Januar 1964[204]
  Paraguay −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Depairtment 13 Julie 2000[205]
  Peru −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) Mazo Cruz, Puno Region 30 Juin 1966[206]
  Uruguay −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) Melo, Cerro Largo Depairtment 14 Juin 1967[139][140]
  Venezuela −12.0 °C (10.4 °F) Piedras Blancas, estado Mérida 15 Januar 2010[207]

Oceanie eedit

Kintra/Region Temperature Toun/Location Date
  Australie −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales 29 Juin 1994[126]
  New Zealand −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) Ranfurly, Central Otago 18 Julie 1903[208]
  Samoa 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Afiamalu 29 September 1971[130]

Ither law-temperatur records eedit

  • Fastest temperatur drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 meenits; Rapid City, Sooth Dakota, 10 Januar 1911.[141]
  • Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F) degrees; Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.[209]

Precipitation eedit

Rain eedit

Snaw eedit

  • Maist in ane-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.[141]
  • Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 throu 1999.[212]
  • Maist in ane calendar month an greatest snow depth in North Americae: 990.6 cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in Tamarack, Californie in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5 cm (451 inches).[212][213]

Wind speed eedit

Tornadoes eedit

Main airticle: Tornado records
 
The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o Bangladesh.

Deadliest in history eedit

Ootbreaks eedit

  • Lairgest an maist severe: The Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak. Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 EF4s an 4 EF5s.[221]

Tropical cyclones eedit

Main airticle: Leet o tropical cyclone records

Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur) eedit

Ither severe wather eedit

 
A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at 47.6 cm (18.75 in) in circumference

Hail eedit

Main airticle: Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms

Lichtnin eedit

UV eedit

  • On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.[231]

Ither categories eedit

  • Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters): 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl Province, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.[232] This is the equivalent sea-level pressur; Tosontsengel is locatit at 1,300 metre (4,300 ft) abuin sea level. The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[233] The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.[232][233]

See an aa eedit

Notes eedit

  1. ↑ Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at Semara, Wastren Sahara on 13 Julie 1961.[7] This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) wis recordit at Ouargla, Algerie on 5 Julie 2018.[8]
  2. ↑ The temperature has been reported as 54 °C (129 °F), however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.[38]
  3. ↑ According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.[41]
  4. ↑ a b c d e Part of the July 2019 European heat wave
  5. ↑ A temperatur o 48.7 °C (119.7 °F) haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in Tatoi, houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.[74]
  6. ↑ A disputit record temperatur o 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in Catenanuova, Sicily.[80]
  7. ↑ Record meisurt on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (nou Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[92]
  8. ↑ On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53 °C (128 °F) wis recordit at Cloncurry, Queensland. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.[125] The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's Bureau o Meteorology.[126]
  9. ↑ Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at Campo Gallo, Argentinae on 16 October 1936.[7]
  10. ↑ Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.
  11. ↑ This record is disputit acause o the forest fires that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.
  12. ↑ This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by remote sensin methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird for details.
  13. ↑ It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in Mt. Pulag in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as 2.0 °C (35.6 °F). PAGASA cannot verify[167]
  14. ↑ The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at Komna on 9 Januar 2009 an reached −49 °C (−56 °F).

References eedit

  1. ↑ a b c p. 855-857, Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth, David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, July 2011, pp. 855-860, doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
  2. ↑ Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.
  3. ↑ A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, Weather, 56, #7 (July 2001), Weather, pp. 218-221, doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x.
  4. ↑ Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures, J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2
  5. ↑ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
  6. ↑ The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
  7. ↑ a b c d Burt, Christopher C. (19 August 2016). "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO". Weather Underground. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  8. ↑ a b c Watts, Jonathan (13 Julie 2018). "Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week". The Guardian. Archived frae the original on 31 Julie 2018. Retrieved 31 Julie 2018.
  9. ↑ a b "Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement. 2010. p. 27. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  10. ↑ "Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records".
  11. ↑ a b "Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso)" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie. p. 11. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i "Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus". Weather Underground. 7 August 2010. Cite has empty unkent parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Masters, Jeff (18 Januar 2018). "NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017". Wunderground. Retrieved 29 Apryle 2018.
  14. ↑ a b "Groundwater Resources of Swaziland" (PDF). Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy. December 1992. p. 6. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  15. ↑ a b "Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques" (PDF). Republique de Niger. p. 8. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 6 Mey 2018. Retrieved 6 Mey 2018.
  16. ↑ a b "Climat de la Réunion" (in French). Météo-France. Archived frae the original on 1 Januar 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  17. ↑ "What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA?". South African Weather Service. Archived frae the original on 17 Mey 2017. Retrieved 17 Mey 2017.
  18. ↑ Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli; Randall S. Cerveny; Christopher C. Burt; Philip Eden; David Parker; Manola Brunet; Thomas C. Peterson; Gianpaolo Mordacchini; Vinicio Pelino; Pierre Bessemoulin; José Luis Stella; Fatima Driouech; M.M Abdel wahab; Matthew B. Pace (2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1.
  19. ↑ "WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 1 Mairch 2017.
  20. ↑ Mccarthy, Tom (31 Mairch 2015). "Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 Julie 2015.
  21. ↑ "WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 1 Mairch 2017.
  22. ↑ "WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau>2500m): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 29 Apryle 2018.
  23. ↑ "Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day". United States Antarctic Program. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 1 Februar 2012.
  24. ↑ a b inc, Ibp (2013). Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Int'l Business Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4387-7835-8.[deid airtin]
  25. ↑ a b "Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection. 2015. p. 3. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  26. ↑ "Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius". Hetq Online. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  27. ↑ a b Mahmudov, Rza. "Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic". Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic. Archived frae the original on 24 Mey 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  28. ↑ "Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years". Asian Tribune. 27 Apryle 2009. Archived frae the original on 18 Juin 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  29. ↑ Passang Norbu (14 Juin 2013). "The heat has got into the Himalayas". Kuensel. Archived frae the original on 2 Apryle 2015. Retrieved 2 Mairch 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ a b c d "Exceptional Heat Wave 2016". Meteo France. Archived frae the original on 28 Apryle 2016. Retrieved 29 Apryle 2016.
  31. ↑ "50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录". baijiahao.baidu.com.
  32. ↑ "Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C". Skymet Weather.
  33. ↑ "Indonesia ties all-time national heat record". Archived frae the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ a b Samenow, Jason (22 Julie 2016). "Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 Julie 2016.
  35. ↑ "Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements". independent.com. 30 Juin 2017. Retrieved 30 Juin 2017.
  36. ↑ Tapper, James (23 Julie 2016). "Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  37. ↑ "Climate Extremes in Israel". Israel Meteorological Service. 21 Juin 1942. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  38. ↑ Burt, Christopher C. (22 October 2010). "Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth". Weather Underground. Archived frae the original on 3 Januar 2014. Retrieved 7 Januar 2014. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ a b "former National Rankings". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  40. ↑ a b القيم المتطرفة (in Arabic). Jordanian Meteorological Department. Archived frae the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  41. ↑ a b c "WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth". World Meteorological Organization. Archived frae the original on 18 Juin 2019. Retrieved 18 Juin 2019.
  42. ↑ a b "Country profile". mineconom.gov.kg. Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic. Archived frae the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 Januar 2017. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ a b "General Climate Information". Malaysia Meteorological Department. Archived frae the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 30 Juin 2010.
  44. ↑ a b "Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009" (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia. September 2009. pp. 36–37. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  45. ↑ Myint, Yee (2 Mey 2016). "Heat takes its toll". Myanmar Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  46. ↑ Soe, Kyaw (25 Februar 2016). "Warnings of strong El Niño through June". Myanmar Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  47. ↑ a b "Nepal". Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived frae the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ Jeff Masters, Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe, 6 June 2017
  49. ↑ a b "Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Government of the Philippines. 29 December 2014. p. 6. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  50. ↑ "Wunder Blog". Weather Underground. 19 Julie 2010. Archived frae the original on 22 Julie 2010. Retrieved 28 Januar 2011.
  51. ↑ "saudigazette". Archived frae the original on 30 September 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ a b "Historical Extremes". Meteorological Service Singapore. Archived frae the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  53. ↑ "한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도". news1. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  54. ↑ "Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs. Apryle 2010. pp. 18–20. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  55. ↑ "Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018". Wunderground. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  56. ↑ a b "Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler". Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 10 Julie 2019.
  57. ↑ a b "Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2015. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  58. ↑ "Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan". Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2000. p. 7. Archived frae the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  59. ↑ Ponce de Leon, Janice (11 August 2016). "Debunking weather myths in the UAE". Gulf News. Archived frae the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
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  61. ↑ Cappucci, Matthew (22 Apryle 2019). "Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April". The Washington Post. Archived frae the original on 5 Mey 2019. Retrieved 5 Mey 2019.
  62. ↑ "Extreme Temperatures across the World". knoema. 26 Julie 2019. Retrieved 26 Julie 2019.
  63. ↑ "Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg". ZAMG. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  64. ↑ "Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk" (in Dutch). VRTNWS. Retrieved 25 Julie 2019.
  65. ↑ "Federal Hydrometeorological Institute". Archived frae the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 28 Julie 2016.
  66. ↑ a b "C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin" (in French). Météo France. Archived frae the original on 21 Julie 2019. Retrieved 19 Julie 2019.
  67. ↑ a b "Bulgaria Second National Communication" (PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  68. ↑ "Croatia Sixth National Communication" (PDF). Retrieved 19 Julie 2016.
  69. ↑ a b "Česká republika – Česká nej". atlasceska.cz. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
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  73. ↑ "Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort". www1.wdr.de. 25 Julie 2019. Retrieved 25 Julie 2019.
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  77. ↑ a b Einarsson, Markús. Climate of Iceland pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
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  81. ↑ "Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C" (in Italian). CentroMeteoToscana. 7 Julie 2012. Archived frae the original on 12 Mey 2014. Retrieved 8 Mey 2014.
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  85. ↑ a b "The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange" (PDF). Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs. Mey 2010. pp. 40–41. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  86. ↑ a b Galdies, Charles (2011). "The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010" (PDF). National Statistics Office. pp. 6–7. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 5 Apryle 2016. Retrieved 26 Februar 2013.
  87. ↑ a b "Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova" (in Romanian). Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat. Archived frae the original on 20 Mairch 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2016.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
  88. ↑ Masters, Jeff. "2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña". Weather Underground. Archived frae the original on 17 Januar 2013. Retrieved 17 Januar 2013. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  89. ↑ https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}
  90. ↑ "Second National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning. December 2008. p. 24. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  91. ↑ a b "Klima". met.no. Archived frae the original on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  92. ↑ "Polskie Rekordy". MeteoModel.pl. 31 Mey 2011. Retrieved 12 Februar 2016.
  93. ↑ a b "Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce". Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl (in Polls). Zakład Klimatologii – Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków. Archived frae the original on 29 Mey 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  94. ↑ Extremes Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA
  95. ↑ THERMAL EXTREMES Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie
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