Wikipedia

San Marino

This is aboot the kintra in soothren Europe. For ither uises see San Marino (disambiguation)

San Marino, kent offeecially as the Maist Serene Republic o San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino) is a wee kintra situatit on the eastren side o the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave, in Italy. Its size is juist ower 61 km2 (24 sq mi) wi an estimatit population o amaist 30,000. Its caipital is the Ceety o San Marino. Ane o the European microstates, alang wi Liechtenstein, the Vatican, Monaco, Andorrae, an Maltae, San Marino haes the smawest population o aw the members o the Council o Europe.

Republic o San Marino[1][2]

Repubblica di San Marino  (Italian)
Motto: "Libertas" (Laitin)
"Freedom"
Anthem: Inno Nazionale della Repubblica
"Naitional Anthem o the Republic"
Location o San Marino in Europe
Location o  San Marino  (green)

on the European continent  (dark grey)  —  [Legend]

CaipitalCeety o San Marino
43°56′N 12°26′E / 43.933°N 12.433°E / 43.933; 12.433
Lairgest settlementDogana
43°58′52.57″N 12°29′22.2″E / 43.9812694°N 12.489500°E / 43.9812694; 12.489500
Offeecial leidsItalian
Ethnic groups
Demonym(s)Sammarinese
GovrenmentUnitar pairlamentary directorial republic
Alessandro Rossi
Milena Gasperoni
LegislaturGrand and General Council
Unthirldom
• frae the Roman Empire
3 September 301a
8 October 1600
Aurie
• Total
61.2 km2 (23.6 sq mi)[1] (222nt)
• Water (%)
0
Population
• 2016 (July) estimate
33,285[1] (216t)
• Density
520/km2 (1,346.8/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2008 estimate
• Total
$1.17 billion[3][4] (177t)
• Per capita
$35,928[3][4] (24t)
GDP (nominal)2008 estimate
• Tot
US$1.44 billion[3][4] (163rd)
• Per capita
US$44,208[3][4] (15t)
HDI (2013)0.875[5]
verra heich · 26th
CurrencyEuro (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Drivin sideright
Cawin code+378 (+39 0549 cryin via Italy)
ISO 3166 codeSM
Internet TLD.sm
Soorces: [1][6]
Territorial organization

San Marino is the auldest survivin sovereign state an constitutional republic in the warld, as the continuation o the monastic community foondit on 3 September 301, bi stonecutter Marinus o Arbe. Legend haes it that Marinus left Rab, then the Roman colony o Arba, in 257 when the future emperor, Diocletian, issued a decree cawin for the reconstruction o the ceety walls o Rimini, which haed been destroyed bi Liburnian pirates.

The constitution o San Marino, enactit in 1600, is the warld's auldest constitution still in effect.[7] The kintra's economy mainly relies on tourism, an San Marino's cultur remains Italian, mainly Emilia-Romagnan in essence. It is ane o the wealthiest kintras in the warld in terms o GDP (per capita), wi a figure comparable tae some o the mair developed Italian regions, sic as Lombardy an the Province o Bolzano-Bozen. San Marino is considered tae hae a hichtlit stable economy, wi the lawest unemployment rate in Europe, nae naitional debt an a budget surplus.[1]

History

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Main airticle: History o San Marino
 
Illustration o Saunt Marinus, the foonder o the Republic o San Marino, an prominent cultural figure

Accordin tae tradeetion, Saunt Marinus left the island o Rab in present-day Croatie wi his lifelang friend Leo, an went tae the ceety o Rimini as a mason. Efter the Diocletianic Persecution follaein his Christian sermons, he escaped tae the nearby Monte Titano, whaur he biggit a sma kirk an sicweys foondit what is nou the ceety an state o San Marino. The offeecial date o foondation o the Republic is 3 September 301.

Bi the mid-5t century, a community wis formed; acause o its relatively inaccessible location an its poverty, it haes succeeded, wi a few brief interruptions, in maintainin its unthirldom. In 1631, its unthirldom wis recognised bi the Papacy.

The advance o Napoleon's airmy in 1797 presentit a brief threat tae the unthirldom o San Marino, but the kintra wis spared its leeberty thanks tae ane o its Regents, Antonio Onofri, who managed tae gain the respect an friendship o Napoleon. Thanks tae his intervention, Napoleon, in a letter delivered tae Gaspard Monge, scientist an commissary o the French Govrenment for Science an Airt, promised tae guarantee an pertect the unthirldom o the Republic, afferin tae extend its territory accordin tae its needs. The affer wis declined bi San Marino, fearin tae provoke future revanchism that might threaten its freedom.[8]

 
The San Marino constitution o 1600

During the later phase o the Italian unification process in the 19t century, San Marino served as a refuge for mony fowk persecutit acause o thair support for unification. In recognition o this support, Giuseppe Garibaldi acceptit the wish o San Marino no tae be incorporatit intae the new Italian state.

The govrenment o San Marino made Unitit States Preses Abraham Lincoln an honorary ceetizen. He wrote in reply, sayin that the republic proved that "government foondit on republican principles is capable o being so administered as tae be secure an endurin."[9]

20t century

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Durin Warld War I, when Italy declared war on Austrick-Hungary on 23 Mey 1915, San Marino remained neutral an Italy adoptit a hostile view o Sammarinese neutrality, suspectin that San Marino coud harbor Austrian spies who coud be gien access tae its new radiotelegraph station. Italy tried tae forcibly establish a detachment o Carabinieri in the Republic an then cut the Republic's telephone lines when it did no comply. Twa groups o ten volunteers did, housomeivver, jyne Italian forces in the fechtin on the Italian front, the first as combatants an the seicont as a Medical Corps operatin a Reid Cross field hospital. The existence o this hospital later caused Austrick-Hungary tae suspend diplomatic relations wi San Marino.[10]

Frae 1923 tae 1943, San Marino wis unner the rule o the Sammarinese Fascist Pairty (PFS).

 
The front passes Mount Titano in September 1944.

During Warld War II, San Marino remained neutral, awtho it haed been wrongly reportit on tae hae declared war on the United Kinrick on 17 September 1940.

Three days efter the faw o Benito Mussolini in Italy, PFS rule collapsed an the new govrenment declared neutrality in the conflict. The Fascists regained pouer on 1 Aprile 1944 but kept neutrality intact. Despite that, on 26 Juin 1944 San Marino wis bombed bi the Ryal Air Force, which mistakenly believed that the kinntra haed been owerrun bi German forces and wis bein uised tae amass stores an ammunition. At least 35 fowk wur killed in the operation. San Marino acceptit thoosans o civilian refugees when Allied forces went ower the Gothic Line.[11] In September 1944, it wis briefly occupied bi German forces, who wur attackt bi Allied forces in the Battle o San Marino. Allied troops wi'drew frae the kintra shortly efterward.

The heid o state is a committee (council) o twa captains-regent. San Marino haed the warld's first democratically electit communist govrenment, which held office atween 1945 an 1957 an again atween 2006 an 2008.

San Marino is the warld's smallest republic, awtho when Nauru gained unthirldom in 1968 it challenged that claim, Nauru's land mass bein anly 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi). Houiver Nauru's jurisdiction ower its surroondin waters (431,000 km2) is thousands o times greater than the territory o San Marino.[12]

San Marino became a member o the Council o Europe in 1988 an o the Unitit Nations in 1992. It is no a member o the European Union.

Notes

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  1. ↑ a b c d e San Marino entry at The World Factbook
  2. ↑ "San Marino". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 1 Mairch 2011.
  3. ↑ a b c d Conto della Generazione dei Redditi Nazionali Archived 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine, Upeceds, Government of San Marino. Accessed on 6 June 2010.
  4. ↑ a b c d an Marino. World Bank. Note: "PPP conversion factor, GDP (LCU per international $)" for Italy was used.
  5. ↑ Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations ESCAP, February 2009
  6. ↑ "San Marino" (PDF). UNECE Statistics Programme. UNECE. 2009. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 30 Juin 2017. Retrieved 13 Mairch 2010.
  7. ↑ Law Library of United States Congress. "Guide to Law Online: San Marino". Retrieved 21 Mey 2008.
  8. ↑ "From 1500 to beginning 1800, Napoleon in San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. Archived frae the original on 18 Mey 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  9. ↑ Irving Wallace, The Book of Lists 3
  10. ↑ "San Marino e la Prima Guerra Mondiale". Educazione.sm. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  11. ↑ "Guerre Mondiali e Fascismo nella storia di San Marino". Sanmarinosite.com. Archived frae the original on 10 Apryle 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
  12. ↑ "Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles: Nauru". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 27 Mey 2010.
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