Wikipedia

Unitit Kinrick

kintra in Europe

The Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland (Inglis: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), commonly kent the Unitit Kinrick (Inglis: United Kingdom; UK) or Breetain (Inglis: Britain), is a kintra in waster Europe. Lyin aff the north-wastren coast o the European mainlaund, the UK includes the isle o Great Breetain, the north-eastren pairt o the isle o Ireland an mony smawer islands.[8] Norlin Airlan is the anly pairt o the Unitit Kinrick that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state‍—‌the Republic o Ireland.[note 4] Apairt frae this laund mairch, the UK is surroondit bi the Atlantic Ocean, wi the North Sea tae its east, the Inglis Channel tae its sooth an the Celtic Sea tae its sooth-sooth-wast, giein it the 12t-langest coastline in the warld. The Erse Sea lies atween Great Breetain an Ireland. Wi an aurie o 242,500 square kilometre (93,600 sq mi), the UK is the 78t-lairgest sovereign state in the warld an the 11t-lairgest in Europe. It is the 21st-maist populous kintra an aw, wi an estimatit 67.8 million indwallers as o 2020.

Location o the  Unitit Kinrick  (dark green) on the European continent  (dark gray)
Location o the  Unitit Kinrick  (dark green)

on the European continent  (dark gray)

Caipital
and largest city
Lunnon
51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.500°N 0.117°W / 51.500; -0.117
Offeecial leid
an national leid		Inglis
Recognised regional
leids[note 3]
Ethnic groups
(2011)
Demonym(s)
GovrenmentUnitary pairlamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
Keir Starmer
LegislaturPairlament
Hoose o Lairds
Hoose o Commons
History
1 May 1707
1 January 1801
5 December 1922
• 
1 January 1973
Aurie
• Total
243,610 km2 (94,060 sq mi) (80t)
• Water (%)
1.34
Population
• 2020 estimate
Increase 67,886,004[3] (21st)
• 2011 census
63,182,178[4] (22nt)
• Density
270.7/km2 (701.1/sq mi) (50t)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
• Total
Increase $3.131 trillion[5] (9t)
• Per capita
Increase $46,827[5] (26t)
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Tot
Decrease $2.744 trillion[5] (6t)
• Per capita
Decrease $41,030[5] (20t)
Gini (2017)negative increase 33.1[6]
medium · 33rd
HDI (2022)Increase 0.940[7]
verra heich · 15t
CurrencyPoond sterling (£) (GBP)
Time zoneUTC​ (GMT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+1 (BST)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (AD)
Drivin sideleft
Cawin code+44
ISO 3166 codeGB
Internet TLD.uk

The UK is a constitutional monarchy wi a pairliamentar democracy.[9][10] The monarch is King Charles III, The UK's caipital an lairgest ceety is Lunnon, a global ceety an financial centre wi an urban aurie population o 10.3 million, the fowert-lairgest in Europe.[11] Ither major urban auries in the UK include the conurbations centred on Birmingham, Leeds, Glesga, Liverpuil an Manchester. The UK consists o fower kintras—Ingland, Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland.[12] Aw but Ingland hae devolved admeenistrations,[13] ilk wi varyin pouers,[14][15] based in thair caipitals Edinburgh, Cairdiff an Belfast, respectively. The nearbi Isle o Man, Bailiwick o Guernsey an Bailiwick o Jersey are no pairt o the UK, bein Croun dependencies wi the Breetish Govrenment responsible for defence an internaitional representation.[16]

Prior tae the formation o the UK, Wales haed been conquered an annexed bi the Kinrick o Ingland. This meant that the unitit kinrick creatit in 1707 bi the Treaty o Union atween Ingland an Scotland encompassed aw o Great Breetain. The Kinrick o Ireland merged wi this state in 1801 tae form the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland. Five-saxts o Ireland secedit frae the UK in 1922, leavin the present formulation o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain and Northren Ireland.[note 5] Thare are fowerteen Breetish Owerseas Territories,[17] the remnants o the Breetish Empire that, at its hicht in the 1920s, encompassed awmaist a quarter o the warld's land mass an wis the lairgest empire in history. Breetish influence can be observed in the leid, cultur an legal seestems o mony o its umwhile colonies.

The UK is a developit kintra an haes the warld's saxt-lairgest economy bi nominal GDP [18] an ninth-lairgest economy bi purchasin pouer parity. It haes a heich-income economy an haes a "verra heich" Human Development Index, rankin 16t in the warld. It wis the first industrialised kintra an the warld's foremaist pouer in the 19t an early 20t centuries.[19][20] The UK remeens a great pouer wi conseederable economic, cultural, militar, scienteefic an poleetical influence internaitionally.[21][22] It is a recognised nuclear wappens state an is seivent in militar expenditur in the warld.[23] It haes been a permanent member o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil syne its first session in 1946. It wis a leadin member state o the EU an its predecessor, the European Economic Commonty (EEC), frae 1973 till 2020. The UK a member o the Commonweel o Naitions, the G7 finance meenisters, the G7 forum, the G20, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development (OECD), an the Warld Tred Organisation (WTO).

Historie o tha Unitit Kinrick

eedit

Early history

eedit

Settlement bi anatomically modren humans o whit wis tae acome the Unitit Kinrick occurred in waves beginnin bi aboot 30,000 years agae.[24] Bi the end o the region's prehistoric period, the population is thocht tae hae belanged, in the main, tae a cultur termed Insular Celtic, comprisin Brythonic Breetain an Gaelic Ireland.[25] The Roman conquest, beginnin in 43 AD, an the 400-year rule o soothren Breetain, wis follaed bi an invasion bi Germanic Anglo-Saxon settlers, reducin the Brythonic area mainly tae whit wis tae acome Wales, Cornwall an the historic Kinrick o Strathclyde.[26] Maist o the region settled bi the Anglo-Saxons becam unifee'd as the Kinrick o Ingland in the 10t century.[27] Meanwhile, Gaelic-speakers in north-wast Britain (wi connections tae the north-east o Ireland an tradeetionally supposed tae hae migratit frae thare in the 5t century)[28][29] unitit wi the Picts tae creaut the Kinrick o Scotland in the 9t century.[30]

The early modren period saw releegious conflict resultin frae the Reformation an the introduction o Protestant state kirks in ilk kintra.[31] Wales wis fully incorporatit intae the Kinrick o Ingland,[32] an Ireland wis constitutit as a kinrick in personal union wi the Inglis croun.[33]

In 1603, Elizabeth I o Ingland deed an Jamie the Saxt o Scotland becam James the First o Ingland an aa. Tha Acts o Union 1707 makkit tha Kinrick o Great Breetain an tha Scots Pairlament wis unitit wi tha Inglis pairlament in Lunnon.

In the mid-17t century, aw three kinricks war involved in a series o connectit wars (includin the Inglis Ceevil War) that led tae the temporar owerthraw o the monarchy an the establishment o the short-leeved unitar republic o the Commonweel o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland.[34][35] Awtho the monarchy wis restored, the Interregnum ensured (alang wi the Glorious Revolution o 1688 an the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689, an the Claim of Right Act 1689) that, unlik muckle o the rest o Europe, ryal absolutism wad nae prevail, an a professed Catholic coud niver accede tae the thrane. The Breetish constitution wad develop on the basis o constitutional monarchy an the pairlamentary seestem.[36]

Treaty o Union

eedit

Tho previous attempts at unitin the twa kinricks within Great Breetain in 1606, 1667, an 1689 haed pruived unsuccessfu, the attempt initiatit in 1705 led tae the Treaty o Union o 1706 bein agreed an ratified bi baith pairlaments.

On 1 Mey 1707, the unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain came intae bein, the result o Acts o Union bein passed bi the pairlaments o Ingland an Scotland tae ratify the 1706 Treaty o Union an sae unite the twa kinricks.[37][38][39]

In the 18t century, cabinet govrenment developed unner Robert Walpole, in practice the first prime meenister (1721–1742). A series o Jacobite Uprisins socht tae remuive the Protestant Hoose o Hanover frae the Breetish thrane an restore the Catholic Hoose o Stuart. The Jacobites war feenally defeatit at the Battle o Culloden in 1746, efter that the Scots Hielanders war brutally suppressed. The Breetish colonies in North Americae that brak awey frae Britain in the American War o Unthirldom becam the Unitit States o Americae, recognised bi Britain in 1783. Breetish imperial ambition turned taewart Asie, pairteecularly tae Indie.[40]

Efter the defeat o Fraunce at the end o the Revolutionary an Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Great Breetain emerged as the principal naval an imperial pouer o the 19t century (wi Lunnon the lairgest ceety in the warld frae aboot 1830).[41] Unchallenged at sea, Breetish dominance wis later descrived as Pax Britannica ("Breetish Peace"), a period o relative peace amang the Great Pouers (1815–1914) in that the Breetish Empire becam the global hegemon an adoptit the role o global polisman.[42][43][44][45]

Breetain focht alangside Fraunce, Roushie an (efter 1917) the Unitit States, against Germany an its allies in the First Warld War (1914–1918).[46] Breetish airmed forces war engaged athort muckle o the Breetish Empire an in several regions o Europe, pairteecularly on the Wastren front.[47] The heich fatalities o trench warfare caused the loss o muckle o a generation o men, wi lastin social effects in the naition an a great disruption in the social order.

Erse unthirldom

eedit

The rise o Erse naitionalism, an disputes within Ireland ower the terms o Erse Hame Rule, led eventually tae the pairteetion o the island in 1921.[48] The Erse Free State becam independent wi Dominion status in 1922. Northren Ireland remeened pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.[49] A wave o strikes in the mid-1920s culminatit in the General Strike o 1926. Britain haed still nae recuivered frae the effects o the war whan the Great Depression (1929–1932) occurred. This led tae conseederable unemployment an haurdship in the auld industrial auries, as weel as poleetical an social unrest in the 1930s, wi risin membership in communist an socialist pairties. A coaleetion govrenment wis formed in 1931.[50]

Breetain entered the Seicont Warld War bi declarin war on Germany in 1939, efter Germany haed invadit Poland. Winston Churchill becam prime meenister an heid o a coaleetion govrenment in 1940. Despite the defeat o its European allies in the first year o the war, Breetain an its Empire conteena'd the ficht alane against Germany. In 1940, the Ryal Air Force defeatit the German Luftwaffe in a struggle for control o the skies in the Battle o Breetain. Urban auries suffered hivy bombin in the Blitz. Thare war an aa eventual haurd-focht veectories in the Battle o the Atlantic, the North Africae campaign an the Burma campaign. Breetish forces played an important role in the Normandy laundins o 1944, achieved wi its Unitit States ally.

Syne Warld War II

eedit

Efter the end o the Seicont Warld War in 1945, the UK wis ane o the Big Fower pouers (alang wi the U.S., the Soviet Union, an Cheenae) that met tae plan the post-war warld;[51][52] it wis an oreeginal seegnatory tae the Declaration o the Unitit Naitions. The UK wis the third kintrea tae develop a nuclear wappens airsenal (wi its first atomic bomb test in 1952), but the new post-war leemits o Breetain's internaitional role war illustratit bi the Suez Creesis o 1956.

Frae the late 1960s, Northren Ireland suffered communal an paramilitar veeolence (whiles affectin ither pairts o the UK) conventionally kent as the Tribbles. It is uisually conseedert tae hae endit wi the Belfast "Guid Fryday" Agreement o 1998.[53][54][55]

Aroond the end o the 20t century thare war major cheenges tae the govrenance o the UK wi the establishment o devolved admeenistrations for Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland.[56]

In the decade-lang process o European integration, the UK wis a foondin member o the alliance cried the Wastren European Union, established wi the Lunnon an Paris Conferences in 1954. In 1960 the UK wis ane o the seeven foondin members o the European Free Tred Association (EFTA), but in 1973 it left tae jyne the European Commonties (EC). Whan the EC becam the European Union (EU) in 1992, the UK wis ane o the 12 foondin members. In 2016, the Unitit Kinrick votit tae leave the European Union.[57] The legal process o leavin the EU begoud on 29 Mairch 2017, wi the UK's invocation o Airticle 50 o the Treaty o Lisbon, formally notifyin the EU o the UK's intention tae leave. The UK steyed a fou member o the EU till 31 January 2020.[58]

Geografie

eedit
 
The topografie o the UK

The tot aurie o the Unitit Kinrick is approximately 243,610 square kilometre (94,060 sq mi). The kintra occupies the major pairt o the Breetish Isles[59] airchipelago an includes the island o Great Breetain, the north-eastren ane-saxt o the island o Ireland an some smawer surroondin islands. It lies atween the North Atlantic Ocean an the North Sea wi the sooth-east coast comin within 22 mile (35 km) o the coast o northren Fraunce, frae that it is separatit bi the Inglis Channel.[60] In 1993 10% o the UK wis forestit, 46% uised for pastures an 25% cultivatit for agricultur.[61] The Ryal Greenwich Observatory in Lunnon is the definin pynt o the Prime Meridian.[62]

The Unitit Kinrick lies atween latitudes 49° tae 61° N, an longitudes 9° W tae 2° E. Northren Ireland shares a 224-mile (360 km) laund boondary wi the Republic o Ireland.[60] The coastline o Great Breetain is 11,073 mile (17,820 km) lang.[63] It is connectit tae continental Europe bi the Channel Tunnel, that at 31 mile (50 km) (24 mile (38 km) unnerwatter) is the langest unnerwatter tunnel in the warld.[64]

Ingland accoonts for juist ower hauf o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin 130,395 square kilometre (50,350 sq mi).[65] Maist o the kintra consists o lawland terrain,[61] wi moontainous terrain north-wast o the Tees-Exe line; includin the Cumbrian Moontains o the Loch Destrict, the Pennines, Exmoor an Dartmoor. The main rivers an estuaries are the Thames, Severn an the Humber. Ingland's heichest moontain is Scafell Pike (978 metre (3,209 ft)) in the Loch Destrict. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe an Mersey.[61]

Scotland accoonts for juist unner a third o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin 78,772 square kilometre (30,410 sq mi)[66] an includin nearly aicht hunder islands,[67] predominantly wast an north o the mainland; notably the Hebrides, Orkney Islands an Shetland Islands. Scotland is the maist moontainous kintra in the UK an its topografie is distinguished bi the Hieland Boondary Faut—a geological rock fractur—that traverses Scotland frae Arran in the wast tae Stanehyve in the east.[68] The faut separates twa distinctively different regions; namely the Hielands tae the north an wast an the lawlands tae the sooth an east. The mair rugged Hieland region conteens the majority o Scotland's moontainous laund, includin Ben Nevis that at 1,343 metre (4,406 ft) is the heichest pynt in the Breetish Isles.[69] Lawland auries—especially the narrae waist o laund atween the Firth o Clyde an the Firth o Forth kent as the Central Belt—are flatter an hame tae maist o the population includin Glesga, Scotland's lairgest ceety, an Edinburgh, its caipital an poleetical centre, awtho upland an moontainous terrain lies within the Soothren Uplands.

Wales accoonts for less nor a tent o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin 20,779 square kilometre (8,020 sq mi).[70] Wales is maistly moontainous, tho Sooth Wales is less moontainous nor North an mid Wales. The main population an industrial auries are in Sooth Wales, consistin o the coastal ceeties o Cairdiff, Swansea an Newport, an the Sooth Wales Valleys tae their north. The heichest moontains in Wales are in Snowdonie an include Snowdon (Welsh: Yr Wyddfa) that, at 1,085 metre (3,560 ft), is the heichest peak in Wales.[61] The 14, or possibly 15, Welsh moontains ower 3,000 feet (910 metre) heich are kent collectively as the Welsh 3000s. Wales haes ower 2,704 kilometre (1,680 mile) o coastline.[63] Several islands lie aff the Welsh mainland, the lairgest o that is Anglesey (Ynys Môn) in the north-wast.

Northren Ireland, separatit frae Great Breetain bi the Erse Sea an North Channel, haes an aurie o 14,160 square kilometre (5,470 sq mi) an is maistly hilly. It includes Lough Neagh that, at 388 square kilometre (150 sq mi), is the lairgest loch in the Breetish Isles bi aurie.[71] The heichest peak in Northren Ireland is Slieve Donard in the Mourne Moontains at 852 metre (2,795 ft).[61]

Climate

eedit

The Unitit Kinrick haes a temperate climate, wi plentifu rainfaw aw year roond.[60] The temperatur varies wi the saisons seendle drappin ablo −11 °C (12 °F) or risin abuin 35 °C (95 °F).[72] The prevailin wind is frae the sooth-wast an beirs frequent spells o mild an wet wather frae the Atlantic Ocean,[60] awtho the eastren pairts are maistly sheltered frae this wind syne the majority o the rain faws ower the wastren regions the eastren pairts are tharefore the driest. Atlantic currents, wairmed bi the Gulf Stream, bring mild winters;[73] especially in the wast whaur winters are wet an iven mair sae ower heich grund. Simmers are wairmest in the sooth-east o Ingland, bein closest tae the European mainland, an cuilest in the north. Hivy snawfaw can occur in winter an early ware on heich grund, an occasionally settles tae great deepth awey frae the hills.

Economy

eedit

The UK haes a pairtially regulatit mercat economy.[74] Based on mercat exchynge rates, the UK is theday the fift-lairgest economy in the warld an the seicont-lairgest in Europe efter Germany. HM Thesaury, led bi the Chancellor o the Exchequer, is responsible for developin an executin the govrenment's public finance policy an economic policy. The Bank o Ingland is the UK's central bank an is responsible for issuin notes an cunyies in the naition's siller, the poond sterling. Banks in Scotland an Northren Ireland reteen the richt tae issue thair awn notes, subject tae reteenin eneuch Bank o Ingland notes in reserve tae cuiver their issue. The poond sterling is the warld's third-lairgest reserve siller (efter the US dollar an the euro).[75] Syne 1997 the Bank o Ingland's Monetary Policy Committee, heidit bi the Govrenor o the Bank o Ingland, haes been responsible for settin interest rates at the level necessar tae achieve the oweraw inflation target for the economy that is set bi the Chancellor ilk year.[76]

The UK service sector maks up aroond 79% o GDP.[77]

Demografie

eedit

Population

eedit

In the 2011 census the tot population o the Unitit Kinrick wis 63,181,775.[78] It is the fift-lairgest in the Commonweel o Nations an the 22nt lairgest in the warld.

Leids

eedit

The UK's de facto offeecial leid is Inglis.[79][80] Houiver, thar is monie leids spak in the Unitit Kinrick bi baith native an immigrant.

The native leids can be spleet inti twa groups:

Releegion

eedit

In the 2001 census 71.6% o aw respondents indicatit that thay war Christians, wi the next lairgest faiths bein Islam (2.8%), Hinduism (1.0%), Sikhism (0.6%), Judaism (0.5%), Buddhism (0.3%) an aw ither releegions (0.3%).[81] 15% o respondents statit that thay haed na releegion, wi a forder 7% nae statin a releegious preference.[82]

Politics

eedit
 
Queen Elizabeth II, Monarch syne 1952
 
Boris Johnson, Prime Meenister syne 2019

The Unitit Kinrick is a unitar state unner a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II haes been the monarch an heid o state o the UK, as weel as Queen o fifteen ither independent Commonweel kintras. The monarch haes "the richt tae be consultit, the richt tae encourage, an the richt tae wairn".[83] The Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick is uncodified an consists maistly o a collection o disparate written soorces, includin statutes, juidge-made case law an internaitional treaties, thegither wi constitutional conventions.[84] As thare is na technical difference atween ordinar statutes an "constitutional law", the Pairlament o the UK Pairlament can perform "constitutional reform" semply bi passin Acts o Pairlament, an sicweys haes the poleetical pouer tae cheenge or abolish awmaist ony written or unwritten element o the constitution. Houiver, na Pairlament can pass laws that futur Pairlaments canna cheenge.[85]

The UK haes a pairlamentar govrenmen based on the Wastmeenster seestem that haes been emulatit aroond the warld: a legacy o the Breetish Empire. The pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick meets in the Palace o Wastmeenster an haes twa houses: an electit Hoose o Commons an appointit Hoose o Lairds. Aw bills passed are gien Ryal Assent afore acomin law.

The poseetion o prime meenister,[note 6] the UK's heid o govrenment,[86] belangs tae the person maist likely tae command the confidence o the Hoose o Commons.

Cultur

eedit

Airts

eedit

The Inglis playwright an poet William Shakespeare is widely regairdit as the greatest dramatist o aw time,[87][88][89] Robert Burns is a weel kent an praised poet.

The Beatles hae internaitional sales o ower ane billion units an are the biggest-sellin an maist influential baund in the history o popular muisic.[90][91][92][93] Ither prominent Breetish contreibutors tae hae influenced popular muisic ower the last 50 year include The Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, the Bee Gees, an Elton John, aw o that hae warldwide record sales o 200 million or mair.[94][95][96][97][98][99]

The Unitit Kinrick haes haed a conseederable influence on the history o the cinema. The Breetish directors Alfred Hitchcock, that's film Vertigo is conseedert bi some creetics as the best film o aw time,[100] an David Lean are amang the maist critically acclaimed o aw-time.[101] ither important directors includin Charlie Chaplin,[102] Michael Powell,[103] Carol Reed,[104] Edgar Wright,[105] Christopher Nolan,[106] an Ridley Scott.[107] Mony Breetish actors hae achieved internaitional fame an creetical success, includin: Julie Andrews,[108] Richard Burton,[109] Michael Caine,[110] Colin Firth,[111] Gary Oldman,[112] Ben Kingsley,[113] Ian McKellen,[114] Liam Neeson,[115] Charlie Chaplin,[116] Sean Connery,[117] Vivien Leigh,[118] David Niven,[119] Laurence Olivier,[120] Peter Sellers,[121] Kate Winslet,[122] Anthony Hopkins,[123] an Daniel Day-Lewis.[124]

Sport

eedit

Major sports, includin association fitbaa, tennis, rugby union, rugby league, gowf, boxin, netbaw, rowin an cricket, oreeginatoy or war substantially developed in the UK an the states that precedit it. Wi the rules an codes o mony modren sports inventit an codifee'd in late 19t century Victorian Breetain, in 2012, the Preses o the IOC, Jacques Rogge, statit; "This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum".[125][126]

Notes

eedit
  1. ↑ The Ryal coat o airms uised in Scotland:
     
  2. ↑ Thare is no authorised version o the naitional anthem as the wirds are a matter o tradeetion; anly the first verse is uisually sung.[1] No law wis passed makin "God Save the King" the offeecial anthem. In the Inglis tradeetion, such laws are nae necessary; proclamation an uisage are sufficient tae mak it the naitional anthem. "God Save the King" an aa serves as the Ryal anthem for certain Commonweel realms.
  3. ↑ Unner the Cooncil o Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Leids, Scots, Ulster-Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Erse an Scots Gaelic, are offeecially recognised as regional or minority leids bi the Breetish govrenment for the purposes o the Charter. See an aa Leids o the Unitit Kinrick.[2]
  4. ↑ Awtho Northren Ireland is the anly pairt o the UK that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state, twa o its Owerseas Territories an aa share laund mairches wi ither sovereign kintras. Gibraltar shares a mairch wi Spain, while the Sovereign Base Auries o Akrotiri an Dhekelia share borders wit the Republic o Cyprus, the Turkis Republic o Northren Cyprus an the UN buffer zone separatin the twa Cypriot polities.
  5. ↑ The Anglo-Erse Treaty wis signed on 6 December 1921 tae resolve the Erse War o Unthirldom. Whan it teuk effect ane year later, it established the Erse Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonweel. The UK's current name wis adoptit tae reflect the cheenge.
  6. ↑ Syne the early twentiet century the prime meenister haes held the office o First Laird o the Thesaury, an in recent decades haes an aa held the office o Meenister for the Ceevil Service.

References

eedit
  1. ↑ National Anthem, British Monarchy official website. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  2. ↑ "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Council of Europe. Archived frae the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  3. ↑ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". population.un.org. Retrieved 31 Mairch 2020.
  4. ↑ "2011 UK censuses". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  5. ↑ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  6. ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 7 Mairch 2019.
  7. ↑ "HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (in Inglis). United Nations Development Programme. 13 Mairch 2024. pp. 274–277.
  8. ↑ "Definition of Great Britain in English". Oxford University Press. Archived frae the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2014. Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom.
  9. ↑ The British Monarchy, What is constitutional monarchy?. Retrieved 17 Julie 2013
  10. ↑ CIA, The World Factbook Archived 2019-01-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 July 2013
  11. ↑ The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950-2030, World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 revision, Population Diveesion o the Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  12. ↑ "Countries within a country". Prime Minister's Office. 10 Januar 2003. Archived frae the original on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 8 Mairch 2015. Archived 2010-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ "Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland". United Kingdom Government. Retrieved 17 Apryle 2013. In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations...
  14. ↑ "Fall in UK university students". BBC News. 29 Januar 2009.
  15. ↑ "Country Overviews: United Kingdom". Transport Research Knowledge Centre. Archived frae the original on 4 Apryle 2010. Retrieved 28 Mairch 2010.
  16. ↑ "Key facts about the United Kingdom". Directgov. Archived frae the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 6 Mairch 2015.

    The full title of this country is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Britain' is used informally, usually meaning the United Kingdom.
    The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK.
  17. ↑ "Supporting the Overseas Territories". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 9 Mairch 2015.
  18. ↑ "Britain crashes out of world's top 5 economies". CNN..
  19. ↑ Mathias, P. (2001). The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26672-6.
  20. ↑ Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02328-2.
  21. ↑ T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). "Great+power" Balance of Power. State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. ISBN 0791464016. Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States p.59
  22. ↑ McCourt, David (28 Mey 2014). Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics. United States of America: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472072218.
  23. ↑ "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 26 Apryle 2017.
  24. ↑ "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'". BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  25. ↑ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 973. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
  26. ↑ Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Baines, Menna; Lynch, Peredur I., eds. (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 915. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
  27. ↑ "Short Athelstan biography". BBC History. Retrieved 9 Apryle 2013.
  28. ↑ Mackie, J.D. (1991). A History of Scotland. London: Penguin. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-14-013649-4.
  29. ↑ Campbell, Ewan (1999). Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh: Canongate. pp. 8–15. ISBN 0-86241-874-7.
  30. ↑ Haigh, Christopher (1990). The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-521-39552-6.
  31. ↑ The Reformation in England and Scotland and Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabth I, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  32. ↑ "British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors". BBC History. 5 November 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  33. ↑ Nicholls, Mark (1999). A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 171–172. ISBN 978-0-631-19334-0.
  34. ↑ "English Civil Wars". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 Apryle 2013.
  35. ↑ "Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660". Archontology.org. 14 Mairch 2010. Retrieved 9 Mairch 2015.
  36. ↑ Lodge, Richard (2007) [1910]. The History of England – From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702). Read Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4067-0897-4.
  37. ↑ "Articles of Union with Scotland 1707". UK Parliament. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  38. ↑ "Acts of Union 1707". UK Parliament. Retrieved 6 Januar 2011.
  39. ↑ "Treaty (act) of Union 1706". Scottish History online. Archived frae the original on 27 Mey 2019. Retrieved 3 Februar 2011.
  40. ↑ Library of Congress, The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad, p. 73.
  41. ↑ Tellier, L.-N. (2009). Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5.
  42. ↑ Johnston, pp. 508-10.
  43. ↑ Porter, p. 332.
  44. ↑ Sondhaus, L. (2004). Navies in Modern World History. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. ISBN 1-86189-202-0.
  45. ↑ Porter, Andrew (1998). The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III. Oxford University Press. p. 332. ISBN 0-19-924678-5.
  46. ↑ Turner, John (1988). Britain and the First World War. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. ISBN 978-0-04-445109-9.
  47. ↑ Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). History of World War I, Volume 3. Lunnon: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698 an 705. ISBN 0-7614-7231-2.
  48. ↑ SR&O 1921, No. 533 of 3 May 1921.
  49. ↑ "The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6 December 1921". CAIN. Archived frae the original on 14 Mey 2012. Retrieved 15 Mey 2006.
  50. ↑ Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 0-415-03719-0.
  51. ↑ Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945. ISBN 0-8476-9416-X. Retrieved 19 Mairch 2016.
  52. ↑ Kelly, Brian. "The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943-1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives". Retrieved 25 August 2015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  53. ↑ Aughey, Arthur (2005). The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement. London: Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-415-32788-6.
  54. ↑ "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." Holland, Jack (1999). Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland. New York: Henry Holt. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-8050-6087-4.
  55. ↑ Elliot, Marianne (2007). The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University. University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. ISBN 1-84631-065-2.
  56. ↑ Keating, Michael (1 Januar 1998). "Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom". Publius: the Journal of Federalism. 28 (1): 217–234. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948. Retrieved 4 Februar 2009.
  57. ↑ "In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U." The Washington Post. 24 Juin 2016. Retrieved 24 Juin 2016.
  58. ↑ Wright, Georgina (29 October 2019). "Article 50 extension". Institute for Government. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  59. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."
  60. ↑ a b c d "United Kingdom". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived frae the original on 7 Januar 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2008.
  61. ↑ a b c d e Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd. "United Kingdom – Atlapedia Online". Atlapedia.com. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  62. ↑ ROG Learning Team (23 August 2002). "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich". Royal Museums Greenwich. Royal Museums Greenwich. Archived frae the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  63. ↑ a b Darkes, Giles (Januar 2008). "How long is the UK coastline?". The British Cartographic Society. Archived frae the original on 27 Mey 2012. Retrieved 24 Januar 2015.
  64. ↑ "The Channel Tunnel". Eurotunnel. Archived frae the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 8 Mairch 2015.
  65. ↑ "England – Profile". BBC News. 11 Februar 2010.
  66. ↑ "Scotland Facts". Scotland Online Gateway. Archived frae the original on 21 Juin 2008. Retrieved 16 Julie 2008. Archived 2008-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ↑ Winter, Jon (1 Juin 2000). "The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands". The Independent. London. Retrieved 8 Mairch 2015.
  68. ↑ "Overview of Highland Boundary Fault". Gazetteer for Scotland. University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  69. ↑ "Ben Nevis Weather". Ben Nevis Weather. Archived frae the original on 27 Mey 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  70. ↑ "Profile: Wales". BBC News. 9 Juin 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  71. ↑ "Geography of Northern Ireland". University of Ulster. Archived frae the original on 18 Januar 2012. Retrieved 22 Mey 2006.
  72. ↑ "UK climate summaries". Met Office. Archived frae the original on 27 Mey 2012. Retrieved 1 Mey 2011.
  73. ↑ "Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream)". UK Climate Projections. Met Office. Archived frae the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 8 Mairch 2015.
  74. ↑ "Principles for Economic Regulation". Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. Apryle 2011. Retrieved 1 Mey 2011.
  75. ↑ Chavez-Dreyfuss, Gertrude (1 Apryle 2008). "Global reserves, dollar share up at end of 2007-IMF". Reuters. Archived frae the original on 9 Januar 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
  76. ↑ "More About the Bank". Bank of England. n.d. Archived frae the original on 12 Mairch 2008.
  77. ↑ "UK index of services: October 2017". Office for National Statistics. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 15 Januar 2018.
  78. ↑ "2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 27 Mairch 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  79. ↑ "English language – Government, citizens and rights". Directgov. Archived frae the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  80. ↑ "Commonwealth Secretariat – UK". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  81. ↑ "UK Census 2001". National Office for Statistics. Archived frae the original on 12 Mairch 2007. Retrieved 22 Apryle 2007.
  82. ↑ "Religious Populations". Office for National Statistics. 11 October 2004. Archived frae the original on 6 Juin 2011.
  83. ↑ Bagehot, Walter (1867). The English Constitution. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.
  84. ↑ Carter, Sarah. "A Guide To the UK Legal System". University of Kent at Canterbury. Archived frae the original on 27 Mey 2012. Retrieved 16 Mey 2006.
  85. ↑ "Parliamentary sovereignty". UK Parliament. n.d. Archived frae the original on 27 Mey 2012.
  86. ↑ "The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet". Public services all in one place. Directgov. Archived frae the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 9 Mairch 2015.
  87. ↑ "William Shakespeare (English author)". Britannica Online encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 Februar 2006.
  88. ↑ MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare. Archived frae the original on 9 Februar 2006. Retrieved 26 Februar 2006.
  89. ↑ William Shakespeare. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 Februar 2006.
  90. ↑ "1960–1969". EMI Group. Archived frae the original on 25 Apryle 2014. Retrieved 9 Mairch 2015. Archived 2014-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
  91. ↑ "Paul At Fifty". Time. New York. 8 Juin 1992. Archived frae the original on 18 Mey 2013. Retrieved 4 Februar 2018.
  92. ↑ Most Successful Group The Guinness Book of Records 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  93. ↑ "Beatles a big hit with downloads". Belfast Telegraph. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 16 Mey 2011.
  94. ↑ "British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2" (Press release). EMI. 2 Februar 2009. Archived frae the original on 23 Apryle 2014. Retrieved 9 Mairch 2015.
  95. ↑ Khan, Urmee (17 Julie 2008). "Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived frae the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 4 Februar 2018.
  96. ↑ Alleyne, Richard (19 Apryle 2008). "Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 31 Mairch 2010.
  97. ↑ "Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy'". BBC News. 11 Julie 2006.
  98. ↑ Holton, Kate (17 Januar 2008). "Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal". Reuters. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  99. ↑ Walker, Tim (12 Mey 2008). "Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees". The Independent. London. Archived frae the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  100. ↑ "Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time'". BBC News. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  101. ↑ "The Directors' Top Ten Directors". British Film Institute. Archived frae the original on 27 Mey 2012.
  102. ↑ "Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 25 Januar 2011.
  103. ↑ "Powell, Michael (1905–1990)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 25 Januar 2011.
  104. ↑ "Reed, Carol (1906–1976)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 25 Januar 2011.
  105. ↑ "Wright, Edgar (1974–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  106. ↑ "Nolan, Christopher (1970–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 6 Mey 2017.
  107. ↑ "Scott, Sir Ridley (1937–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 25 Januar 2011.
  108. ↑ "Andrews, Julie (1935–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  109. ↑ "Burton, Richard (1925–1984)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  110. ↑ "Caine, Michael (1933–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  111. ↑ "Firth, Colin (1960–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  112. ↑ "Oldman, Gary (1958–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  113. ↑ "Kingsley, Ben (1942–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  114. ↑ "McKellen, Ian (1939–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  115. ↑ "Neeson, Liam (1952–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  116. ↑ "Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  117. ↑ "Connery, Sean (1930–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  118. ↑ "Leigh, Vivien (1913–1967)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  119. ↑ "Niven, David (1910–1983)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  120. ↑ "Olivier, Laurence (1907–1989)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  121. ↑ "Sellers, Peter (1925–1980)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  122. ↑ "Winslet, Kate (1975–)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  123. ↑ "Anthony Hopkins". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 Januar 2015.
  124. ↑ "Daniel Day-Lewis makes Oscar history with third award". BBC News. 25 Februar 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  125. ↑ "Opening ceremony of the games of the XXX Olympiad". Olympic.org. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  126. ↑ "Unparalleled Sporting History" Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Taen frae "https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unitit_Kinrick&oldid=899863"