Uranium

radioactive chemical element wi the atomic nummer o 92

Uranium is a chemical element wi seembol U an atomic nummer 92. It is a sillery-white metal in the actinide series o the periodic table. A uranium atom haes 92 protons an 92 electrons, o that 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is waikly radioactive acause aw isotopes o uranium are unstable, wi hauf-lives varyin atween 159,200 year an 4.5 billion year lang. The maist common isotopes in naitural uranium are uranium-238 (that haes 146 neutrons an accoonts for ower 99%) an uranium-235 (that haes 143 neutrons). Uranium haes the heichest atomic wecht o the primordially occurrin elements. Its density is aboot 70% heicher than that o leid, an slichtly lawer than that o gowd or tungsten. It occurs naiturally in law concentrations o a few pairts per million in syle, rock an watter, an is commercially extractit frae uranium-beirin minerals sic as uraninite.[4]

Uranium, 92U
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image/alt
Uranium
Pronunciation/j[unsupported input]niəm/ (yoor-AY-nee-əm)
Appearancesillery gray metallic; corrodes tae a spallin black oxide coat in air
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(U)238.02891(3)[1]
Uranium in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Nd

U

(Uqh)
protactiniumuraniumneptunium
Atomic nummer (Z)92
Groupgroup n/a
Periodperiod 7
Blockf-block
Element category  Actinide
Electron confeeguration[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2
Pheesical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Meltin pynt1405.3 K ​(1132.2 °C, ​2070 °F)
Bylin pynt4404 K ​(4131 °C, ​7468 °F)
Density (near r.t.)19.1 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)17.3 g/cm3
Heat o fusion9.14 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation417.1 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity27.665 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 2325 2564 2859 3234 3727 4402
Atomic properties
Oxidation states+1, +2, +3,[2] +4, +5, +6 waikly basic
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.38
Ionisation energies
  • 1st: 597.6 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1420 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 156 pm
Covalent radius196±7 pm
Van der Waals radius186 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range
Colour lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines o uranium
Ither properties
Naitural occurrenceprimordial
Creestal structurorthorhombic
Orthorhombic creestal structur for uranium
Speed o soond thin rod3155 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion13.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity27.5 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity0.280 µΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic orderinparamagnetic
Young's modulus208 GPa
Shear modulus111 GPa
Bulk modulus100 GPa
Poisson ratio0.23
Vickers haurdness1960–2500 MPa
Brinell haurdness2350–3850 MPa
CAS Nummer7440-61-1
History
Naminefter planet Uranus, itsel named efter Greek god o the sky Uranus
DiskiveryMartin Heinrich Klaproth (1789)
First isolationEugène-Melchior Péligot (1841)
Main isotopes o uranium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
232U syn 68.9 y SF
α 228Th
233U trace 1.592×105 y SF
α 229Th
234U 0.005% 2.455×105 y SF
α 230Th
235U 0.720% 7.04×108 y SF
α 231Th
236U trace 2.342×107 y SF
α 232Th 238U 99.274% 4.468×109 y α 234Th
SF
ββ 238Pu
| references

In naitur, uranium is foond as uranium-238 (99.2739–99.2752%), uranium-235 (0.7198–0.7202%), an a verra smaw amoont o uranium-234 (0.0050–0.0059%).[5] Uranium decays slawly bi emittin an alpha pairticle. The hauf-life o uranium-238 is aboot 4.47 billion years an that o uranium-235 is 704 million years,[6] makkin them uisefu in datin the age o the Yird.

Mony contemporary uises o uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 is the anly naiturally occurrin fissile isotope, that maks it widely uised in nuclear pouer plants an nuclear wappens. Houiver, acause o the teenie amoonts foond in naitur, uranium needs tae unnergae enrichment sae that eneuch uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable bi fest neutrons, an is fertile, meanin it can be transmutit tae fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Anither fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced frae naitural thorium an is an aa important in nuclear technology. Uranium-238 haes a smaw probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission wi fest neutrons; uranium-235 an tae a lesser degree uranium-233 hae a muckle heicher fission cross-section for slaw neutrons. In sufficient concentration, thir isotopes mainteen a susteened nuclear cheen reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear pouer reactors, an produces the fissile material for nuclear wappens. Depletit uranium (238U) is uised in kinetic energy penetrators an airmour platin.[7] Uranium is uised as a colourant in uranium gless, producin leemon yellae tae green colors. Uranium gless fluoresces green in ultraviolet licht. It wis an aa uised for tintin an shadin in early photografie.

The 1789 diskivery o uranium in the meeneral pitchblende is creditit tae Martin Heinrich Klaproth, that named the new element efter the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot wis the first person tae isolate the metal an its radioactive properties war diskivert in 1896 bi Henri Becquerel. Resairch bi Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi an ithers, sic as J. Robert Oppenheimer stairtin in 1934 led tae its uise as a fuel in the nuclear pouer industry an in Little Boy, the first nuclear wappen uised in war. An ensuin airms race in the Cauld War atween the Unitit States an the Soviet Union produced tens o thoosands o nuclear wappens that uised uranium metal an uranium-derived plutonium-239. The siccarity o thae wappens an thair fissile material follaein the brakup o the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongaein concern for public heal an saufty.[8] See Nuclear proliferation.

References

eedit
  1. Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
  2. Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-9048131464.
  3. Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 9048131464.
  4. "Uranium". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 Apryle 2017.
  5. "Uranium Isotopes". Retrieved 14 Mairch 2012.
  6. "WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, US. Archived frae the original on 27 Apryle 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help) Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Emsley 2001, p. 479.
  8. "U.S. to pump money into nuke stockpile, increase security," Archived 2013-05-02 at the Wayback Machine RIA Novosti 18 February 2010