Oxygen

element wi the atomic nummer o 8

Oxygen is a chemical element wi symbol O an atomic nummer 8. It is a member o the chalcogen group on the periodic cairt an is a heichly reactive nonmetal an oxidisin agent that readily forms oxides wi maist elements as well as ither compoonds.[3] Bi mass, oxygen is the third-maist abundant element in the universe, efter hydrogen an helium.[4] At staundart temperatur an pressur, twa atoms o the element bind tae form dioxygen, a colourless an odourless diatomic gas wi the formula O
2
. This is an important pairt o the atmosphere an diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% o the Yird's atmosphere.[5] Addeetionally, as oxides the element maks up awmaist hauf o the Yird's crust.[6]

Oxygen, 8O
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image/alt
Liquid oxygen bylin
Oxygen
Appearancegas: colourless
liquid: pale blue
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(O)[15.9990315.99977] conventional: 15.999
Oxygen in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium


O

S
nitrogenoxygenfluorine
Atomic nummer (Z)8
Groupgroup 16 (chalcogens)
Periodperiod 2
Blockp-block
Element category  Reactive nonmetal
Electron confeeguration[He] 2s2 2p4
Electrons per shell2, 6
Pheesical properties
Phase at STPgas
Meltin pynt54.36 K ​(−218.79 °C, ​−361.82 °F)
Bylin pynt90.188 K ​(−182.962 °C, ​−297.332 °F)
Density (at STP)1.429 g/L
whan liquid (at b.p.)1.141 g/cm3
Treeple pynt54.361 K, ​0.1463 kPa
Creetical pynt154.581 K, 5.043 MPa
Heat o fusion(O2) 0.444 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity(O2) 29.378 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K)       61 73 90
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−2, −1, 0, +1, +2
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 3.44
Ionisation energies
  • 1st: 1313.9 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 3388.3 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 5300.5 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Covalent radius66±2 pm
Van der Waals radius152 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range
Colour lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines o oxygen
Ither properties
Naitural occurrenceprimordial
Creestal structurcubic
Cubic creestal structur for oxygen
Speed o soond330 m/s (gas, at 27 °C)
Thermal conductivity26.58×10−3  W/(m·K)
Magnetic orderinparamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility+3449.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[1]
CAS Nummer7782-44-7
History
DiskiveryCarl Wilhelm Scheele (1771)
Named byAntoine Lavoisier (1777)
Main isotopes o oxygen
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
16O 99.76% stable
17O 0.04% stable
18O 0.20% stable
| references

Dioxygen is uised in cellular respiration an mony major classes o organic molecules in livin organisms conteen oxygen, sic as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, an fats, as dae the major consteetuent inorganic compoonds o ainimal shells, teeth, an bane. Maist o the mass o livin organisms is oxygen as a component o watter, the major constituent o lifeforms. Conversely, oxygen is continuously replenished bi photosynthesis, which uises the energy o sunlicht tae produce oxygen frae watter an carbon dioxide. Oxygen is ower chemically reactive tae remeen a free element in air withoot bein continuously replenished bi the photosynthetic action o livin organisms. Anither form (allotrope) o oxygen, ozone (O
3
), strangly absorbs ultraviolet UVB radiation an the heich-altitude ozone layer helps pertect the biosphere frae ultraviolet radiation. But ozone is a pollutant near the surface whaur it is a bi-product o smog. At law yird orbit altitudes, sufficient atomic oxygen is present tae cause corrosion o spacecraft.[7]

Oxygen wis discovered independently bi Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, an Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is eften gien priority acause his wark wis published first. The name oxygen wis coined in 1777 bi Antoine Lavoisier,[8] whase experiments wi oxygen helped tae discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory o combustion an corrosion. Its name derives frae the Greek roots ὀξύς oxys, "acid", leeterally "sharp", referrin tae the soor taste o acids an -γενής -genes, "producer", leeterally "begetter", acause at the time o namin, it wis mistakenly thocht that aw acids required oxygen in thair composeetion.

Common uise o oxygen includes residential heatin, internal combustion ingines, production o steel, plastics an textiles, brazin, waldin an cuttin o steels an ither metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, an life support seestems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflicht an divin.

References eedit

  1. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  2. Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
  3. "WebElements: the periodic table on the web – Oxygen: electronegativities". WebElements.com. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  4. Emsley 2001, p.297
  5. Cook & Lauer 1968, p.500
  6. "Oxygen". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived frae the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2007.
  7. "Atomic oxygen erosion". Archived frae the original on 13 Juin 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2009. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help) Archived 2007-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Parks, G. D.; Mellor, J. W. (1939). Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co.