Palladium

Palladium is a chemical element wi the chemical seembol Pd an an atomic nummer o 46. It is a rare an lustrous sillery-white metal discovered in 1803 bi William Hyde Wollaston. He named it efter the asteroid Pallas, that wis itsel named efter the epithet o the Greek goddess Athena, acquired bi her whan she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium an osmium fairm a group o elements referred tae as the platinum group metals (PGMs). Thae hae seemilar chemical properties, but palladium haes the lawest meltin pynt an is the least dense o thaim.

Palladium, ₄₆Pd

Palladium
Pronunciation	/pəˈleɪdiəm/ ​(pə-LAY-dee-əm)
Appearance	sillery white
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Pd)	7002106420000000000♠106.42(1)
Palladium in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium Ni ↑ Pd ↓ Pt rhodium ← palladium → siller
Atomic nummer (Z)	46
Group	group 10
Period	period 5
Block	d-block
Element category	Transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Kr] 4d10
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1828.05 K ​(1554.9 °C, ​2830.82 °F)
Bylin pynt	3236 K ​(2963 °C, ​5365 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	12.023 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	10.38 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	16.74 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	362 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.98 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1721 1897 2117 2395 2753 3234
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.20
Atomic radius	empirical: 137 pm
Covalent radius	139±6 pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range Spectral lines o palladium
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​face-centred cubic (fcc)
Speed o soond thin rod	3070 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	71.8 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	105.4 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	121 GPa
Shear modulus	44 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.39
Mohs haurdness	4.75
Vickers haurdness	461 MPa
Brinell haurdness	310 MPa
CAS Nummer	7440-05-3
History
Diskivery	William Hyde Wollaston (1803)
First isolation	William Hyde Wollaston (1803)
Main isotopes o palladium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 100Pd syn 3.63 d ε 100Rh γ - 102Pd 1.02% stable 103Pd syn 16.991 d ε 103Rh 104Pd 11.14% stable 105Pd 22.33% stable 106Pd 27.33% stable 107Pd trace 6.5×106 y β− 107Ag 108Pd 26.46% stable 110Pd 11.72% >6×1017 y β−β− 110Cd

Ower hauf o the supply o palladium an its congener platinum gangs intae catalytic converters, that convert up tae 90% o harmfu gases frae auto exhaust (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, an nitrogen dioxide) intae less-harmful substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide an watter vapor). Palladium is uised in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwatter treatment an jewelry. Palladium plays a key role in the technology uised for fuel cells, that combine hydrogen an oxygen tae produce electricity, heat, an watter.

Ore deposits o palladium an ither PGMs are rare, an the maist extensive deposits hae been foond in the norite belt o the Bushveld Igneous Complex coverin the Transvaal Basin in Sooth Africae, the Stillwatter Complex in Montana, Unitit States, the Thunder Bay Destrict o Ontario, Canadae, an the Norilsk Complex in Roushie. Recyclin is a soorce o palladium, maistly frae scrapped catalytic converters. The numerous applications an leemitit supply soorces o palladium result in the metal attractin considerable investment interest.

Freemit airtins

• Palladium at The Periodic Table o Videos (Varsity o Nottingham)
• Current an Historical Palladium Price
• Special Mercat Report on Palladium an Precious Metals