Bismuth

Bismuth is a chemical element wi seembol Bi an atomic nummer 83. Bismuth, a pentavalent puir metal, chemically resembles arsenic an antimony. Elemental bismuth mey occur naiturally, tho its sulfide an oxide furm important commercial ores. The free element is 86% sae dense as leid. It is a brickle metal wi a siller white colour whan freshly produced, but is aften seen in air wi a pink tinge awin tae surface oxidation. Bismuth is the maist naiturally diamagnetic element an haes ane o the lawest values o thermal conductivity oot o aw metals.

Bismuth, ₈₃Bi

Bismuth
Pronunciation	/ˈbɪzməθ/ ​(BIZ-məth)
Appearance	lustrous brownish silver
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Bi)	7002208980400000000♠208.98040(1)
Bismuth in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium Sb ↑ Bi ↓ Mc leid ← bismuth → polonium
Atomic nummer (Z)	83
Group	group 15 (pnictogens)
Period	period 6
Block	p-block
Element category	Post-transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Meltin pynt	544.7 K ​(271.5 °C, ​520.7 °F)
Bylin pynt	1837 K ​(1564 °C, ​2847 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	9.78 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	10.05 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	11.30 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	179 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.52 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 941 1041 1165 1325 1538 1835
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.02
Ionisation energies	1st: 703 kJ/mol 2nd: 1610 kJ/mol 3rd: 2466 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 156 pm
Covalent radius	148±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	207 pm
Spectral lines o bismuth
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​rhombohedral
Speed o soond thin rod	1790 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	13.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	7.97 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	1.29 µΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	−280.1·10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	32 GPa
Shear modulus	12 GPa
Bulk modulus	31 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.33
Mohs haurdness	2.25
Brinell haurdness	70–95 MPa
CAS Nummer	7440-69-9
History
Diskivery	Claude François Geoffroy (1753)
Main isotopes o bismuth
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 207Bi syn 31.55 y β+ 207Pb 208Bi syn 3.68×105 y β+ 208Pb 209Bi 100% 1.9×1019 y α 205Tl 210Bi trace 5.012 d β− 210Po α 206Tl 210mBi syn 3.04×106 y IT 210Bi α 206Tl