Bismuth is a chemical element wi seembol Bi an atomic nummer 83. Bismuth, a pentavalent puir metal, chemically resembles arsenic an antimony. Elemental bismuth mey occur naiturally, tho its sulfide an oxide furm important commercial ores. The free element is 86% sae dense as leid. It is a brickle metal wi a siller white colour whan freshly produced, but is aften seen in air wi a pink tinge awin tae surface oxidation. Bismuth is the maist naiturally diamagnetic element an haes ane o the lawest values o thermal conductivity oot o aw metals.

Bismuth, 83Bi
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Bismuth
Pronunciation/ˈbɪzməθ/ (BIZ-məth)
Appearancelustrous brownish silver
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Bi)208.98040(1)[1]
Bismuth in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Sb

Bi

Mc
leidbismuthpolonium
Atomic nummer (Z)83
Groupgroup 15 (pnictogens)
Periodperiod 6
Blockp-block
Element category  Post-transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
Pheesical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Meltin pynt544.7 K ​(271.5 °C, ​520.7 °F)
Bylin pynt1837 K ​(1564 °C, ​2847 °F)
Density (near r.t.)9.78 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)10.05 g/cm3
Heat o fusion11.30 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation179 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity25.52 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 941 1041 1165 1325 1538 1835
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.02
Ionisation energies
  • 1st: 703 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1610 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2466 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 156 pm
Covalent radius148±4 pm
Van der Waals radius207 pm
Colour lines in a spectral range
Colour lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines o bismuth
Ither properties
Naitural occurrenceprimordial
Creestal structurrhombohedral[2]
Rhombohedral creestal structur for bismuth
Speed o soond thin rod1790 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion13.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity7.97 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity1.29 µΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderindiamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility−280.1·10−6 cm3/mol[3]
Young's modulus32 GPa
Shear modulus12 GPa
Bulk modulus31 GPa
Poisson ratio0.33
Mohs haurdness2.25
Brinell haurdness70–95 MPa
CAS Nummer7440-69-9
History
DiskiveryClaude François Geoffroy (1753)
Main isotopes o bismuth
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
207Bi syn 31.55 y β+ 207Pb
208Bi syn 3.68×105 y β+ 208Pb
209Bi 100% 1.9×1019 y α 205Tl
210Bi trace 5.012 d β 210Po
α 206Tl
210mBi syn 3.04×106 y IT 210Bi
α 206Tl
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References

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  1. Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
  2. Cucka, P.; Barrett, C. S. (1962). "The crystal structure of Bi and of solid solutions of Pb, Sn, Sb and Te in Bi". Acta Crystallographica. 15 (9): 865. doi:10.1107/S0365110X62002297.
  3. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.