Republic o Cheenae (1912–49)

The Republic o Cheenae (traditeeonal Cheenese: 中華民國; simplifeed Cheenese: 中华民国; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó; Wade–Giles: Chung¹-hua² Min²-kuo²) wis foondit in 1912 an it govrened mainland Cheenae till 1949, when it lost the mainland durin the Cheenese Ceevil War an widrew tae Taiwan. As an era o mainland Cheenese history, the republic wis precedit bi the Qing Dynasty an followed bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. Its first preses, Sun Yat-sen only served briefly. His Kuomintang (KMT, or "Nationalist Pairty"), then led bi Song Jiaoren, wan a parliamentary election held in December 1912. However, airmy leaders o the Beiyang clique, led bi Preses Yuan Shikai, retained control o the central govrenment. Efter Yuan's daith in 1916, local militar leaders, or warlords, assertit autonomy.

Republic o Cheenae 中華民國 Chung-hua Min-kuo
1912–1949
Banner Naitional Emblem
Anthem: Naitional Anthem o the Republic o Cheenae 《中華民國國歌》
Location o the Republic o Cheenae   Claimed territory, actual control wis tenuous
Caipital	Nanking (1912; 1927-1949) Peking (1912–1928) Chungking (wartime caipital) (1937–1946)
Govrenment	Single-pairty state, militar dictatorship, parliamentary democracy
Preses
• 1912	Sun Yat-sen
• 1912–1916	Yuan Shikai
• 1916–1917	Li Yuanhong
• 1917–1918	Feng Guozhang
• 1918–1922	Xu Shichang
• 1922–1923	Li Yuanhong
• 1923–1924	Cao Kun
• 1927–1928	Zhang Zuolin
• 1928	Tan Yankai
• 1928–1931	Chiang Kai-shek
• 1931–1943	Lin Sen
• 1943–1949	Chiang Kai-shek
• 1949	Li Zongren
Legislatur	Naitional Assembly
• Upper house	Naitional Assembly
• Lower house	Legislative Yuan
Historical era	20t century
• Xinhai Revolution	10 October 1911
• Established	1 Januar 1912
• Nationalist rule frae Nanking	18 Aprile 1927
• Seicont Sino-Japanese War	7 Julie 1937
• Constitution adoptit	25 December 1947
• Battle o Huaihai	December 1948
• Seat o government moved tae Taipei	10 December 1949
Aurie
1912	11,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
1920	11,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
1930	11,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
1948	11,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
1949	11,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1912	432375000
• 1920	472000000
• 1930	489000000
• 1948	489000000
• 1949	541670000
Currency	Cheenese yuan Old Taiwan dollar
Precedit bi Succeedit bi Qing Dynasty China Taiwan
Population frae http://www.populstat.info/Asia/chinac.htm

In 1925, the KMT established a rival govrenment, referred tae as Naitionalist Cheenae, in the soothren ceety o Canton (Guangzhou). The economy o the North, owertaxed tae support warlord adventurism, collapsed in 1927–1928. In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek, who acame KMT leader efter Sun's daith, defeatit the warlord airmies in the Northren Expedition. Chiang's Naitional Revolutionary Airmy wis airmed bi the Soviet Union an wis advised bi Mikhail Borodin. The Beiyang airmy wis backed bi Japan. Ance Chiang established a unified central govrenment in Nanjing, he cut his ties wi the communists an expelled them frae the KMT.

There wis industrialization an modrenization, but also conflict atween the Naitionalist govrenment in Nanjing, the Communist Pairty o Cheenae, remnant warlords, an Japan. Naition-biggin teuk a backseat tae war wi Japan in 1937 – 1945. Japan occupied coastal auries an cut aff Cheenae's access tae seaports, while the KMT retreatit tae Chongqing. The Burma Road, an later the Ledo Road, wur biggit tae allow US "lend-lease" aid tae reach the Cheenese airmy. The Naitionalists' Y Force drove back the Japanese in Yunnan durin a Mey–Juin 1944 offensive, but etherwise militar results wur disappointin. Efter Japan surrendered, the Cauld War atween the U.S. an Soviet Union led tae renewed fichtin atween the KMT an the communists. In 1947, the Constitution o the Republic o Cheenae replaced the Organic Law o 1928 as the kintra's fundamental law. In 1949, the Communists established the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae on the mainlaund, while the Naitionalists retreatit tae Taiwan, an despite its vastly reduced territory, the Naitionalist govrenment continued tae be recognized as the govrenment o Cheenae bi non-Communist states well intae the 1970s.