Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek
Traditional Chinese	蔣介石 / 蔣中正
Simplified Chinese	蒋介石 / 蒋中正
Transcriptions
Staundart Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Jiǎng Jièshí /; Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng
Wade–Giles	Chiang Chieh-Shih /; Chiang Chung-cheng
Soothren Min
Hokkien POJ	Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k /; ChiúⁿTiong-chìng

Chiang Kai-shek
Generalissimo; Chiang Kai-shek
	蒋中正; 蔣介石
	蔣中正
Chairman o the Naitional Govrenment o Cheenae
	In office; October 10, 1928 – December 15, 1931
Premier	Tan Yankai; Soong Tse-ven
Precedit bi	Gu Weijun (Actin)
Succeedit bi	Lin Sen
	In office; August 1, 1943 – Mey 20, 1948; Actin til October 10, 1943
Premier	Soong Tse-ven
Precedit bi	Lin Sen
Succeedit bi	Himself (as Preses o the Republic o Cheenae)
Chairman o the Naitional Militar Council
	In office; December 15, 1931 – Mey 31, 1946
Precedit bi	Poseetion established
Succeedit bi	Poseetion abolished
Preses o the Republic o Cheenae
	In office; Mey 20, 1948 – Januar 21, 1949
Premier	Chang Chun; Wong Wen-hao; Sun Fo
Vice Preses	Li Zongren
Precedit bi	Himself (as Chairman o the Naitional Govrenment o Cheenae)
Succeedit bi	Li Zongren (Actin)
	In office; Mairch 1, 1950 – Aprile 5, 1975
Premier	Yen Hsi-shan; Chen Cheng; Yu Hung-Chun; Chen Cheng; Yen Chia-kan; Chiang Ching-kuo
Vice Preses	Li Zongren; Chen Cheng; Yen Chia-kan
Precedit bi	Li Zongren (Actin)
Succeedit bi	Yen Chia-kan
Premier o the Republic o Cheenae
	In office; December 4, 1930 – December 15, 1931
Precedit bi	Soong Tse-ven
Succeedit bi	Chen Mingshu
	In office; December 9, 1935 – Januar 1, 1938
Preses	Lin Sen
Precedit bi	Wang Jingwei
Succeedit bi	Hsiang-hsi Kung
	In office; November 20, 1939 – Mey 31, 1945
Preses	Lin Sen
Precedit bi	Hsiang-hsi Kung
Succeedit bi	Soong Tse-ven
	In office; Mairch 1, 1947 – Aprile 18, 1947
Precedit bi	Soong Tse-ven
Succeedit bi	Chang Chun
1st, 3rd Director-General o the Kuomintang
	In office; Mairch 29, 1938 – Aprile 5, 1975
Precedit bi	Hu Hanmin
Succeedit bi	Chiang Ching-kuo (as Chairman o the Kuomintang)
Personal details
Born	31 October 1887; Fenghua, Zhejiang
Dee'd	5 Apryle 1975 (aged 87); Taipei, Taiwan
Naitionality	Chinese
Poleetical pairty	Kuomintang
Spoose(s)	Mao Fumei; Yao Yecheng (concubine); Chen Jieru; Soong May-ling
Bairns	Chiang Ching-kuo; Chiang Wei-kuo (adopted)
Alma mater	Baoding Militar Academy, Imperial Japanese Airmy Academy Preparatory Schuil
Thrift	Soldier (General officer)
Religion	Christian
Awairds	Order o Naitional Glory, Order o Blue Sky an White Sun, 1st class Order o the Sacred Tripod, Legion o Merit
Signatur
Militar service
Eikname(s)	"Generalissimo"or "Red General"
Allegiance	Republic o Cheenae
Years o service	1923–1975
Rank	Generalissimo
Battles/wars	Xinhai Revolution, Northren Expedition, Sino-Tibetan War, Kumul Rebellion, Soviet Invasion o Xinjiang, Cheenese Ceevil War, Seicont Sino-Japanese War, Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in Cheenae (1950–1958)

Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – Aprile 5, 1975) wis a 20t-century Cheenese poleetical an militar leader. He is kent as Jiang Jieshi (蔣介石) or Jiang Zhongzheng (蔣中正) in Mandarin Cheenese. Chiang wis an influential member o the Kuomintang (KMT), or Naitionalist Pairty, an wis a close ally o Sun Yat-sen. He acame the Commandant o the Kuomintang's Whampoa Militar Academy, an teuk Sun's place as leader o the KMT whan Sun died in 1925. In 1926, Chiang led the Northren Expedition tae unify the kintra, acomin Cheenae's nominal leader.^[3] He served as Chairman o the Naitional Militar Cooncil o the Naitionalist govrenment o the Republic o Cheenae (ROC) frae 1928 tae 1948. Chiang led Cheenae in the Seicont Sino-Japanese War, durin which the Naitionalist govrenment's pouer severely weakened, but his prominence grew. Unlik Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek wis socially conservative, promotin tradeetional Cheenese cultur in the New Life Movement an rejectin wastren democracy an the naitionalist democratic socialism that Sun Yat-sen an some ither members o the KMT embraced in favor o a naitionalist authoritarian govrenment.

Chiang's predecessor, Sun Yat-sen, wis well-liked an respectit bi the Communists, but efter Sun's daith Chiang wis nae able tae maintain guid relations wi the Communist Pairty o Cheenae (CPC). A major split atween the Naitionalists an Communists occurred in 1927; an, unner Chiang's leadership, the Nationalists foucht a naition-wide ceevil war against the Communists. Efter Japan invadit Cheenae in 1937, Chiang agreed tae a temporary truce wi the CPC. Despite some early cooperative militar successes against Japan, bi the time that the Japanese surrendered in 1945 neither the CPC nor the KMT trustit ilk ither or wur actively cooperatin. Efter American-sponsored attempts tae negotiate a coalition govrenment failed in 1946, the Cheenese Civil War resumed. The CPC defeatit the Nationalists in 1949, forcin Chiang's govrenment tae retreat tae Taiwan, whaur Chiang imposed martial law an persecutit fowk creetical o his rule in a period kent as the "White Terror". Efter evacuatin tae Taiwan, Chiang's govrenment continued tae declare its intention tae retake mainland Cheenae. Chiang ruled the island securely as Preses o the Republic o Cheenae an General o the Kuomintang til his daith in 1975. He ruled mainland Cheenae for 22 years, an Taiwan for 30 years.

References

↑ Jay Taylor. The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009)p. 2.
↑ Hannah Pakula (2009). The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China. Simon and Schuster. p. 346. ISBN 1-4391-4893-7. Retrieved 28 Juin 2010.
↑ Zarrow, Peter Gue (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949. pp. 230–231.

Freemit airtins

Obituary, NY Times, April 6, 1975, The Life of Chiang Kai-shek: A Leader Who Was Thrust Aside by Revolution
ROC Govrenment Biography
Time magazine's "Man an Wife o the Year", 1937 Archived 2007-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Haw Offeecial Steid
The Chungcheng Cultural an Eddicational Foondation Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Association Hong Kong Archived 2011-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
Order o Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek supplementing the Act o Surrender – bi Japan on September 9, 1945
Faimily tree o his descendants Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Simplified Cheenese)
The Chiang Kai-shek Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Librar an Museum
1966 GIO Biographical video Archived 2004-02-26 at the Wayback Machine
"The Memorial Sang o Late Preses Chiang Kai-shek" (Ministry o Naitional Defence o ROC) Archived 2012-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
Chiang Kai-shek Biography Archived 2004-12-06 at the Wayback Machine – Frae Spartacus Eddicational
The Collectit Wartime Messages O Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek at archive.org
The National Chiang Kai-shek Cultural Center Offeecial Steid Archived 2010-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
Chiang Kai-shek Diaries at the Hoover Institution Archives Archived 2010-05-23 at the Wayback Machine

Poleetical offices
Precedit bi Tan Yankai	Chairman o the Naitional Govrenment o Cheenae 1928–1931	Succeedit bi Lin Sen
Precedit bi T.V. Soong	Premier o the Republic o Cheenae 1930–1931	Succeedit bi Chen Mingshu
Precedit bi none	Chairman o the Naitional Militar Cooncil 1932–1946	Succeedit bi none
Precedit bi Wang Jingwei	Premier o the Republic o Cheenae 1935–1938	Succeedit bi H. H. Kung
Precedit bi Hsiang-hsi Kung	Premier o the Republic o Cheenae 1939–1945	Succeedit bi Song Ziwen
Precedit bi Lin Sen	Chairman o the Naitional Govrenment o Cheenae 1943–1948	Succeedit bi Himself As Preses o the Republic o Cheenae
Precedit bi Song Ziwen	Premier o the Republic o Cheenae 1947	Succeedit bi Zhang Qun
Precedit bi Himself As Chairman o the Naitional Govrenment o Cheenae	Preses o the Republic o Cheenae 1948–1975 Li Zongren (Actin) Januar 21, 1949 tae Mairch 1, 1950	Succeedit bi Yen Chia-kan
Pairty poleetical offices
Precedit bi Wang Jingwei	Chairman o the Central Executive Committee o the Kuomintang 1933–1938	Succeedit bi Office abolished
Precedit bi Hu Hanmin	Director-General o the Kuomintang 1938–1975	Succeedit bi Chiang Ching-kuo As Chairman o the Kuomintang
Militar offices
Precedit bi Office creatit	Commander-in-chief o the Naitional Revolutionary Airmy 1925–1947	Succeedit bi Office abolished
Academic offices
Precedit bi Office creatit	Commandant o the Whampoa Militar Academy 1924–1947	Succeedit bi Guan Linzheng

[1] Jay Taylor. The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009)p. 2.

[Hannah_Pakula_2009_346-2] Hannah Pakula (2009). The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China. Simon and Schuster. p. 346. ISBN 1-4391-4893-7. Retrieved 28 Juin 2010.

[a-3] Zarrow, Peter Gue (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949. pp. 230–231.

[3]

[1]

[2]

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek
蒋中正蔣介石
蔣中正

Chairman o the Naitional Govrenment o Cheenae
In office October 10, 1928 – December 15, 1931
Premier	Tan Yankai Soong Tse-ven
Precedit bi	Gu Weijun (Actin)
Succeedit bi	Lin Sen
In office August 1, 1943 – Mey 20, 1948 Actin til October 10, 1943
Premier	Soong Tse-ven
Precedit bi	Lin Sen
Succeedit bi	Himself (as Preses o the Republic o Cheenae)
Chairman o the Naitional Militar Council
In office December 15, 1931 – Mey 31, 1946
Precedit bi	Poseetion established
Succeedit bi	Poseetion abolished
Preses o the Republic o Cheenae
In office Mey 20, 1948 – Januar 21, 1949
Premier	Chang Chun Wong Wen-hao Sun Fo
Vice Preses	Li Zongren
Precedit bi	Himself (as Chairman o the Naitional Govrenment o Cheenae)
Succeedit bi	Li Zongren (Actin)
In office Mairch 1, 1950 – Aprile 5, 1975
Premier	Yen Hsi-shan Chen Cheng Yu Hung-Chun Chen Cheng Yen Chia-kan Chiang Ching-kuo
Vice Preses	Li Zongren Chen Cheng Yen Chia-kan
Precedit bi	Li Zongren (Actin)
Succeedit bi	Yen Chia-kan
Premier o the Republic o Cheenae
In office December 4, 1930 – December 15, 1931
Precedit bi	Soong Tse-ven
Succeedit bi	Chen Mingshu
In office December 9, 1935 – Januar 1, 1938
Preses	Lin Sen
Precedit bi	Wang Jingwei
Succeedit bi	Hsiang-hsi Kung
In office November 20, 1939 – Mey 31, 1945
Preses	Lin Sen
Precedit bi	Hsiang-hsi Kung
Succeedit bi	Soong Tse-ven
In office Mairch 1, 1947 – Aprile 18, 1947
Precedit bi	Soong Tse-ven
Succeedit bi	Chang Chun
1st, 3rd Director-General o the Kuomintang
In office Mairch 29, 1938 – Aprile 5, 1975
Precedit bi	Hu Hanmin
Succeedit bi	Chiang Ching-kuo (as Chairman o the Kuomintang)

Personal details
Born	31 October 1887(1887-10-31) Fenghua, Zhejiang
Dee'd	5 Apryle 1975(1975-04-05) (aged 87) Taipei, Taiwan
Naitionality	Chinese
Poleetical pairty	Kuomintang
Spoose(s)	Mao Fumei Yao Yecheng (concubine) Chen Jieru Soong May-ling
Bairns	Chiang Ching-kuo Chiang Wei-kuo (adopted)
Alma mater	Baoding Militar Academy, Imperial Japanese Airmy Academy Preparatory Schuil
Thrift	Soldier (General officer)
Religion	Christian ^[1]
Awairds	Order o Naitional Glory, Order o Blue Sky an White Sun, 1st class Order o the Sacred Tripod, Legion o Merit
Signatur
Militar service
Eikname(s)	"Generalissimo"or "Red General"^[2]
Allegiance	Republic o Cheenae
Years o service	1923–1975
Rank	Generalissimo
Battles/wars	Xinhai Revolution, Northren Expedition, Sino-Tibetan War, Kumul Rebellion, Soviet Invasion o Xinjiang, Cheenese Ceevil War, Seicont Sino-Japanese War, Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in Cheenae (1950–1958)