Brazil–Turkey relations
Relations atween Brazil and Turkey hae roots that predate the foondation o the modeen Republic o Turkey in 1923.
Brazil maintains an embassy in Ankara while Turkey is representit in Brazil throu the Embassy o Turkey in Brasília an a Consulate General in São Paulo.[1][2] Baith kintras are full members o the Warld Tred Organisation (WTO).[3]
Early relations
eeditThe Empire o Brazil wis the seicont state in the Americae (efter the Unitit States) tae enter intae treaty relations wi the Ottoman Empire (predecessor o modren Turkey). On 5 Februar 1858, the twa empires signed a Treaty o Commerce an Navigation, which haed eleven airticles an wis seemilar in nature tae the ither Ottoman capitulations tae Christian pouer.[4] Brazil set up fower consulates in the Ottoman Empire: at Cairo, Jaffa, Mansouri an Tanta. The Ottomans haed twa consulates in Brazil: at Rio de Janeiro an São Paulo. Awthou Brazil tried efter 1909 tae establish consulates in Constantinople (Istanbul) an Beirut, it 3is unable tae since the Ottomans would not allow it an thare wis nae agreement on consular reciprocity. As a result o the opening o diplomatic relations and establishment of formal rules o residence for each ither's subjects, ower 100,000 Ottoman subjects, mainly frae Sirie, emigratit tae Brazil, often tae wirk on the coffee plantations. Aboot twinty Arabic newspapers wur published in Brazil for the Ottoman expatriate population frae the late 19th century on. These generally teuk an anti-Ottoman editorial stance, putting strain on the kintras' relations. [5]
Brazil formally recognised Turkey in 1926.[6] Brazil an Turkey, bi then baitth republics, signed a new treaty o friendship on 8 September 1927.[5] In 1930 the twa kintras opened thair respective embassies an in 1933 signed a trade agreement.[6]
Recent events
eedit
In 2003 then Turkey Defence meenister Vejdi Gonul paid an ofeecial veesit tae Brazil an met Brazilian Defence Meenister Jose Viegas Filho. The sides signed an agreement on cooperation on defenc4 relatit matters on August 14, 2003. But the agreement came intae the force only in 2007.[7]
In 2006 Foreign Meenister o Turkey Abdullah Gul paid an official visit to Brazil.[8]
In 2009 then Preses o Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva visited Turkey.[8]
In 2012 umwhile Turkis defence meenister Ismet Yildiz arrival Brazil tae meet Brazilian then defence minister Celso Amorim. The discussion atween the twa wis aboot production o militar equipment. During the veesit a letter o intention wis signed atween twa which wis aboot the exchynge o the experiences in the field o militar.[7]
In mey 2010, Brazil an Turkey signed a tripartite agreement wi Iran aimed at partly resolvin the diplomatic creesis surrounding Iran's nuclear program.[9]
In 2013 Brazil an Turkey established visa agreement. Kintras mutually do nae require entrant visas for touristic veesitirs for stays nae langer than three month. Houaniver, entrants wi ither status sic as students, legal wirkers, an lang-term veesitirs will hae tae obtain visas upon thair entries.
Relations atween the twa kintras hae been strained as o Juin 2015, when Brazil recognised the Armenie Genocide.[10] Turkey recalled its ambassador tae Brazil soon afterwards.[11]
References
eedit- ↑ "Embassy of Brazil in Ankara". Ministry of External Relations (Brazil). Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ↑ "Embaixada da Republica da Turquia". Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- ↑ "Members and Observers". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- ↑ Edward A. Van Dyck, Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire Since the Year 1150, Part 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1881), p. 23.
- ↑ a b For an overview of Ottoman–Brazilian relations in Turkish, see Mehmet Temel, "Osmanli Arşiv Kaynaklarina Göre XIX. VE XX. Yuzyilin başlarinda Osmanli-Brezilya ilişkileri" [Ottoman–Brazilian Relations in the 19th Century and in the Beginning of the 20th, According to Ottoman Archival Sources], Belleten-Türk Tarih Kurumu 68:251 (2004). Information cited here is from the abstract. (Archive)
- ↑ a b Önsoy, Murat. "Latin America-Turkey Relations: Reaching Out to Distant Shores of the Western Hemisphere" (Chapter 12). In: Ercan, Pınar Gözen (editor) (Haceteppe University). Turkish Foreign Policy: International Relations, Legality and Global Reach. Springer Science+Business Media, April 7, 2017. ISBN 3319504517, 9783319504513. Start: p. 237. CITED: p. 245.
- ↑ a b Muhittin Ataman (2016). Insight Turkey 2016-Winter 2016: Interdependence between Germany and Turkey. SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research.
- ↑ a b "Brazil-Turkey Relations - a role theoretical analysis of emerging powers" (PDF).
- ↑ Javedanfar, Meir (18 Mey 2010). "What the Iran Deal is Missing". The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived frae the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 24 Januar 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)