Syrien civil war
The Syrien civil war (Arabic: الحرب الأهلية السورية, al-ḥarb al-ʾahlīyah as-sūrīyah) is a current mony-sided civil war in Syrie focht atween the Ba'athist Arab Republic o Syrie led bi Syrien president Bashar al-Assad, alang wi domestic an ootlaund allies, an various airmies frae hame an abroad agin baith the Syrien goverment an ilka ane tae the ither in mony combinations.[1]
Backgrun
eeditAssad goverment
eeditThe secular Ba'ath Syrien Regional Branch goverment cam tae pouer throu a coup d'état in 1963. Fer mony years, Syrie gang throu a series o coups and chynges o rulerskip,[2] intil Mairch o 1971, Hafez al-Assad, an Alawite, decalret hessel President. The secular Syrien Regional Branch steyed the foremaist political authoritie in whit was, afore, an ane-pairtie state intil the first multi-pairtie election o the Fowk's Cooncil o Syrie was held in 2012.[3] On 31 o Januarie 1973, Hafez al-Assad pit a new constitution intae effec, thit led tae a national crysis. Unalike foregane constitutions, this ane didnae requeest thit the president o Syrie be a Muslim, leadin tae fairce protest in Hama, Homs an Aleppo organysit bi the Muslim Britherheid an the ulama. The goverment lestit throu a series o airmed revolts frae Islamists, fer the maist pairt memmers o the Muslim Britherheid, frae 1976 intil 1982.
Efter the deith o Hafez al-Assad in 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad wis electit tae be President o Syrie. Bashar an hes wyfe Asma, a Sunni Muslim born an eddicatit in the UK,[4] tae begin wi, inspyred howpes fer democratic reforms; houanivver, accordin tae hes creetics, Bashar failt tae brin in hes promised reforms.[5] President Al-Assad statit in 2017 thit nae 'moderate opposition' tae hes rule exists, an thit aa opposition forces is jihadists thit intend tae destroy the secular leadership o Syrie; hes pynt o view wis thit terrorist groups operatin athin Syrie is 'linkit wi the agendas o foreign kintras'.[6]
Demographics
eeditThe tot o the population in July o 2018 wis estimatit tae be 19,454,263 fowk; cultur groups – rochlie Arab 50%, Alawite 15%, Kurd 10%, Levantine 10%, ither 15% (incluidin o Druze, Ismaili, Imami, Assyrian, Turkmen, Armenian); releegions – Muslim 87% (offeecial; incluidin o Sunni 74% an Alawi, Ismaili, an Shia 13%), Christian 10% (maistlie o Eistern Christian kirks[7] – mich be smawer acause o Christian flicht frae the kintra), Druze 3% an Jewish (few bidin in Damascus an Aleppo).[8]
Socioeconomic backgrun
eeditSocioeconomic inequalities growed geylie efter free mairket policies ware brocht in bi Hafez al-Assad taewart the end o hes rule, an it acceleratit efter Bashar al-Assad cam tae pouer. Wi a focus on the service sector, they policies brocht benefit fer a minoritie o the kintra's fowk, maistlie fowk wha ware connectit tae the goverment, an memmers o the Sunni mairchant cless o Damascus an Aleppo.[9] In 2010, Syrie's nominal GDP per capita wis anely $2,834, seemilar tae Sub-Saharan African kintras sic as Nigerie an a muckle sicht laicher than its neebors sic as Lebanon, wi a yearlie grawth rate o 3.39%, ablow maist ither developing kintras.[10]
Mair ower, the country wis facin particular heich rates o youth unempleyment.[11] Whin the war startit, discontent agin the goverment wis maist felt in Syrie's pair airts, predominant amang conservative Sunnis.[9] These incluided o ceeties wi heich rates o povertie, sic as Daraa an Homs, an the mair pair airts o muckle ceeties.
Drocht
eeditThis cam alang wi the maist fearsom drocht ivver recordit in Syrie, thit bidit frae 2006 intil 2011 an caused crap failyie athort the kintra, a ryse in fuid prices an a migration en-masse o fairmin faimilies tae the urban centres.[12] This migration pit muckle strain on intimmers thit was aareadie burdened bi the inflowe o aroon 1.5 million refugees frae the Iraq War.[13] The drocht haes been linkit tae anthropogenic warldwide warmin.[14][15][16] Ample supplee o watter continyes tae be an issue in the current civil war an it is fer frequent the tairget o militarie action.[17]
Human richts
eeditThe situation o human richts in Syrie haes been lang syne the tairget o muckle critique frae global organisations.[18] The richts o free expression, associe an assemblie ware strictly controlled in Syrie afore the uprisin. The kintra wis unner a state o emergencie atween 1963 an 2011 an public gaitherins o mair nor five fowk ware prohibitit.[19] Securitie forces haed braid pouers o arrest an detention.[20] In spyte o howps fer democratic chynge wi the 2000 Damascus Spring, Bashar al-Assad wis briadlie reportit tae hae failt in brinin aboot ony impruivement. A Human Richts Watch report pit oot richt afore the start o the 2011 uprisin seyd thit he haad failt tae mak substantial impruivement tae the state o human richts syne comin tae pouer.[21]
References
eedit- ↑ "Syria's civil war explained from the beginning". Al Jazeera. Archived frae the original on 30 Apryle 2017. Retrieved 29 Apryle 2017.
- ↑ Wilson, Scott (25 Apryle 2011). "Syria escalates attacks against demonstrators". The Seattle Times. Archived frae the original on 29 Apryle 2011.
- ↑ "Assad says Syria 'able' to get out of crisis". Al Jazeera. 25 Mey 2012. Archived frae the original on 7 Juin 2012. Retrieved 11 Juin 2012.
- ↑ Golovnina, Maria (19 Mairch 2012). "Asma al Assad, a "desert rose" crushed by Syria's strife". Reuters. Archived frae the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ↑ Liam Stack; J. David Goodman (1 Apryle 2011). "Syrian Protesters Clash With Security Forces". The New York Times. Archived frae the original on 13 Mey 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ↑ "President Bashar al-Assad interview with Croatian newspaper Vecernji List". leakofnations.com. Archived frae the original on 13 Apryle 2017. Retrieved 12 Apryle 2017.
- ↑ "Syria". U.S. Department of State. Archived frae the original on 22 Julie 2019. Retrieved 11 Julie 2016.
- ↑ "The World Factbook: Syria". CIA Library. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ↑ a b "Rebels in Syria's largest city of Aleppo mostly poor, pious and from rural backgrounds". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 16 October 2012. Archived frae the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 28 Januar 2013. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Poor rural rebels" defined multiple times wi different content - ↑ "Syria GDP per Capita [2002 - 2020] [Data & Charts]". www.ceicdata.com. Archived frae the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ↑ "Youth Exclusion in Syria: Social, Economic, and Institutional Dimensions". Journalist's Resource. 11 August 2011. Archived frae the original on 14 Juin 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ↑ Kelley, C. P., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M. A., Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (17 March 2015). "Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (11): 3241–3246. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.3241K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421533112. PMC 4371967. PMID 25733898. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
- ↑ Fountain, Henry (2 Mairch 2015). "Researchers Link Syrian Conflict to a Drought Made Worse by Climate Change". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived frae the original on 25 Apryle 2017. Retrieved 1 Mey 2017.
- ↑ Kelley, Colin P.; Mohtadi, Shahrzad; Cane, Mark A.; Seager, Richard; Kushnir, Yochanan (17 Mairch 2015). "Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (11): 3241–3246. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.3241K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421533112. PMC 4371967. PMID 25733898. Archived frae the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
- ↑ "Syria: Climate Change, Drought and Social Unrest". The Center for Climate & Security. 29 Februar 2012. Archived frae the original on 14 Apryle 2017. Retrieved 1 Mey 2017.
- ↑ Gleick, Peter H. (1 Julie 2014). "Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria". Weather, Climate, and Society. 6 (3): 331–340. doi:10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1.
- ↑ "Aleppo water supply cut as Syria fighting rages". BBC News. 8 September 2012. Archived frae the original on 30 Julie 2017. Retrieved 1 Mey 2017.
- ↑ https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2010 p. 555.
- ↑ "Syria's Assad vows to lift emergency law by next week". Reuters. 16 Apryle 2011. Archived frae the original on 2 Januar 2014. Retrieved 1 Januar 2014.
- ↑ "Syria". Amnesty International. 2009. Archived frae the original on 28 Februar 2012. Retrieved 1 Februar 2012.
- ↑ Black, Ian (16 Julie 2010). "Syrian human rights record unchanged under Assad, report says". The Guardian. London. Archived frae the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.