Ar'ara
'Ar'ara (Arabic: عرعرة; Hebrew: עַרְעָרָה) ("juniper tree"[2]), is an Arab toun in the Wadi Ara region in northren Israel. It is locatit sooth o Umm al-Fahm juist northwast o the Green Line an is pairt o the Triangle. In 2015 the population wis 23,996.[1]
Ar'ara
| |
|---|---|
| Hebrew transcription(s) | |
| • ISO 259 | ʕarˁara |
 Mosque in Ar'ara | |
  Ar'ara | |
| Coordinates: 32°29′40.41″N 35°05′38.81″E / 32.4945583°N 35.0941139°ECoordinates: 32°29′40.41″N 35°05′38.81″E / 32.4945583°N 35.0941139°E | |
| Destrict |  Haifa |
| Govrenment | |
| • Teep | Local cooncil (frae 1970) |
| Population (2015)[1] | |
| • Total | 23,996 |
History
eeditBurial complexes frae the Roman period bi Ar'ara hae been excavatit, revealin clay lamps an gless vessels an beads, commonly uised in the 1st tae 4t century C.E.. A few clay fragments frae the Mamluk period hae been foond at the same location.[3]
In the Crusader period, the place wis kent as "Castellum Arearum". In the land-allocation made bi sultan Baybars in 663 H. (1265-1266 C.E.), Ar'ara wis shared atween his amirs Ala' al-Din an Sayf al-Din Bayhaq al-Baghdadi.[4]
Ar'ara, lik the rest o Palestine, wis incorporatit intae the Ottoman Empire in 1517, an in 1596, Ar'ara appeared in Ottoman tax registers as bein in the Nahiya o Shara o the Liwa o Lajjun. It haed a population o 8 Muslim hoosehaulds an peyed taxes on wheat, barley, summercrops, olives, an goats or beehives.[5]
Bi the aichteent century, the veelage remained in the admeenistrative destrict o Lajjun, but the revenue o the place wis fermit for the Mutasarrıf o Jaffa.[6] In the late nineteent century, the steid wis describit as:
A veelage o moderate size on heich grund, wi a spring tae the east, a seicont tae the wast an a well tae the sooth. Thare are rock cut tombs near. The population is statit bi Consul Rogers (1859) as 400, the cultivation then bein 30 feddans.[7]
At the time o the 1931 census, Ar'ara haed 150 occupee'd hooses an a population o 971 Muslims.[8]
Ar'ara wis transferred frae Jordanian tae Israeli jurisdiction in 1949 unner the Rhodes airmistice greements.[9] The neebourin veelage o ʿAra wis mergit wi Ar'ara in 1985.
In 1945, Ar'ara an Arah haed a population o 2,290 an a laund aurie o 29,537 dunums.[10] Bi 1962 the aurie haed been reducit tae 7,269 dunums, pairtly due tae expropriations o 8,236 dunums bi the Israeli govrenment in 1953–54.[10] Ane case o expropriation frae a private laundawner namit Younis became a test case afore the Heich Court o Israel in 1953.[11] The laund haed been confiscatit bi the govrenment athoot notifyin the awner.[11] In 1954 the court ruled that the law did no require the awner tae be notifee'd an did no provide a richt for the awner tae contest the confiscation in advance.[11] This rulin an ane ither effectively endit the possibility o laund awners uisin the courts tae contest the confiscation o thair laund.[11]
Maqam Shaykh Khalaf
eeditMaqam Shaykh Khalaf is the anerlie biggin which wis notit bi the antiquities authorities in the Mandate aurie, an it is locatit on a slope bi the heichest pynt in the veelage, set in the middle o extensive graveyards. The Maqam is a single rectangular chamber, covered bi a dome. The twa tap courses are chamfered towards the dome. On the north side is a doorwey, an dooble windae set inside shallae airches. Thare is a set o windaes on the wast side an aw. Inside thare are three cenotaphs, locatit east-wast, close tae the wast waw. A mihrab is locatit on the sooth waw. The date o the biggin is no kent, but accordin tae A. Petersen (who inspectit the place in 1994), the airchitectur indicate an aichteent or early nineteent century date.[12]
See an aw
eeditReferences
eedit| Wikimedia Commons haes media relatit tae Ar'ara. |
- ↑ a b "List of localities, in Alphabetical order" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- ↑ Palmer, 1881, p.144
- ↑ Massarwa, 2007, Ar‘ara Final Report
- ↑ Ibn al-Furat, edition Lyons and Lyons, I, p.102; II, p.81. Cited in Petersen, 2002, p.94
- ↑ Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 159.
- ↑ Cohen, 1973, p.175, Cited in Petersen, 2002, p.94
- ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, p.41. Also cited in Petersen, 2002, p.94.
- ↑ E. Mills, ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. p. 87.
- ↑ Family Affair: The Masarwah-Marzuks, Haaretz
- ↑ a b Sabri Jiryis (1976). "The Land Question in Israel". MERIP Reports. 47: 5–20+24–26.
- ↑ a b c d Hanna Dib Nakkara (1985). "Israeli Land Seizure under Various Defense and Emergency Regulations". Journal of Palestine Studies. 14 (2): 13–34. doi:10.1525/jps.1985.14.2.00p0125a.
- ↑ Petersen, 2002, p.94
Bibliografie
eedit- Abel, F.-M., (1967), Geographie de la Palestine, 2 vols. 3ed. Paris, (II, p. 88)
- Baedeker, K., 1867, Palestine and Syria. A Handbook for Travellers, Dulan & Co., Lunnon ( p. 299)
- Cohen, A. (1973), Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Patterns of Government and Administration, Hebrew Varsity, Jerusalem. Cited in Petersen, (2002)
- Conder, Claude Reignier an H.H. Kitchener (1881): The Survey of Western Palestine: memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology. Lunnon:Committee o the Palestine Exploration Fund. vol 2
- Gorzalczany, Amir, Shireen Mahajna an Abdallah Massarwa (12/3/2009); ‘Ar‘ara (Southwest) Final Report, Hadashot Arkheologiyot, no.121
- Hartmann, R., (1910), 'Die Strasse von Damascus nach Kairo', ZDMG (=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Morgenlandische Gesellschaft), 64, ( pp. 665–702) (p. 700)
- Massarwa, Abdallah (24/12/2007): Ar‘ara Final Report, Hadashot Arkheologiyot, no.119
- Massarwa, Abdallah (12/3/2009): ‘Ar‘ara (Southwest) Final Report, Hadashot Arkheologiyot, no.121
- Massarwa, Abdallah (6/7/2011): Ar‘ara Final Report, Hadashot Arkheologiyot, no.123
- Palmer, E. H. (1881): The survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English name lists collected during the survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and explained by E.H. Palmer.
- Petersen, Andrew (2002), A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) (p. 94 )
- Robinson, Edward, Eli Smith (1841): Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838, Published bi Crocker & Brewster, Item notes:v.2 ( p.618 )