Yttrium

Yttrium, ₃₉Y
Yttrium
Pronunciation	/ˈɪtriəm/ (IT-ree-əm)
Appearance	sillery white
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Y)	88.90584(1)
Mass number	Y:
Yttrium in the periodic cairt
	strontium ← yttrium → zirconium
Atomic nummer (Z)	39
Group	group 3
Period	period 5
Block	d-block
Element category	Transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 9, 2
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1799 K (1526 °C, 2779 °F)
Bylin pynt	3609 K (3336 °C, 6037 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	4.472 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	4.24 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	11.42 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	365 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.53 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +1, +2, +3 waikly basic
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.22
Atomic radius	empirical: 180 pm
Covalent radius	190±7 pm
	Spectral lines o yttrium
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	Y: Primordial
Creestal structur	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed o soond thin rod	3300 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	(r.t.) (α, poly); 10.6 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity	17.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	(r.t.) (α, poly) 596 n Ω·m
Magnetic orderin	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	63.5 GPa
Shear modulus	25.6 GPa
Bulk modulus	41.2 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.243
Brinell haurdness	589 MPa
CAS Nummer	7440-65-5
History
Diskivery	Johan Gadolin (1794)
First isolation	Carl Gustav Mosander (1840)
Main isotopes o yttrium
γ	-
γ	-
γ	-
γ	-
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Yttrium is a chemical element wi seembol Y an atomic nummer 39. It is a sillery-metallic transeetion metal chemically seemilar tae the lanthanides an it haes eften been clessifee'd as a "rare yird element".^[4] Yttrium is almaist always foond combined wi the lanthanides in rare yird minerals an is never foond in naiture as a free element. Its anly stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y, is an aa its anly naiturally occurrin isotope.

In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius foond a new mineral near Ytterby in Swaden an named it ytterbite, efter the veelage. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789,^[5] an Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria. Elemental yttrium wis first isolated in 1828 bi Friedrich Wöhler.^[6]

ReferencesEedit

↑ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce, Pm, Eu, Tm, Yb have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ IUPAC contributors (2005). Edited by N G Connelly and T Damhus (with R M Hartshorn and A T Hutton) (ed.). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005 (PDF). RSC Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 0-85404-438-8. Retrieved 17 December 2007.CS1 maint: extra text: eeditors leet (link)
↑ Van der Krogt 2005
↑ CRC contributors (2007–2008). "Yttrium". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 4. New York: CRC Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8493-0488-0.

[CIAAW2013-1] Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[Cloke1993-2] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce, Pm, Eu, Tm, Yb have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017.

[magnet-3] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[IUPAC-4] IUPAC contributors (2005). Edited by N G Connelly and T Damhus (with R M Hartshorn and A T Hutton) (ed.). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005 (PDF). RSC Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 0-85404-438-8. Retrieved 17 December 2007.CS1 maint: extra text: eeditors leet (link)

[Krogt-5] Van der Krogt 2005

[CRC2008-6] CRC contributors (2007–2008). "Yttrium". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 4. New York: CRC Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8493-0488-0.

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