Wikipedia:IPA chairt for Scots
This is a cutty version o the Internaitional Phonetic ABC for Scots soonds.
Vouels eedit
Vouel chairt eedit
Aw that's shawn here is the unnerlyin phonemes. The pyntit soondin, or allophones isna shawn. (fae Aitken 1984)
Aitken's nummer | IPA | Examples |
8a | əi | aye, gey, Mey, pey, wey |
10 | jyne, pynt, ile, chyce | |
1 short1 | bite, bide, price, wife, tide | |
1 lang1 | ai | five, size, fry, ay, kye, fire |
2 | i | meet, need, see, deil, here, releegion, meenister |
11 | ee, dee, dree, lee, implee, denee | |
3 | Merges wi 2, 4, or 8 gaun bi dialect | meat, deid, heid, steal, peir, meir, seiven, |
4 | e | aik, ait, saip, baith, stane2, hale, tae n., gae, late, pale, bathe, day, say, mair, care |
8 | e: Whiles merged wi 4 | bait, braid, hail, pail, pair |
5 | o: Whiles merges wi 18 in the Sooth | throat, coat, thole, rose, afore |
18 | ɔ Whiles merges wi 5 | cot, God, on, loch, bocht, horse, Forth |
6 | u | aboot, bouk, poupit, lood, pouder, shouder, room, mooth, hoose, loose, cou, nou, fou, pou, oo, oor, soor, ploum |
7 | ø North merged wi 2, Central an Sooth wi 4 lang an 15 short | buit, fruit, guid, muin, uiss n., uise v., muive, dae, shae, muir, puir, shuir |
9 | oi | Boyd, noise, boy |
12 | ɑ: / ɔ: Whiles merged wi 17 in the North | faut, saut, fraud, mawn, auld, cauld, hauch, cause, law, snaw, aw, faw, twa, faur, daur, waur |
13 | ʌu | nowt, cowt, gowf, sowder, lowse, chowe, growe, knowe, fower, ower, rowe |
14 | iu / ju | duty, feud, heuk3, neuk3, beuch3, teuch3, news, dew, few, blue, true, pleuch3 |
15 | ɪ | bit, pit, fit, lid, hiss, gird, his, whither4, yird, wid, fir n. |
16 | ɛ | met, bed, ledder, ser, Perth |
17 | a In the Sooth-Wast an Ulster merged wi 12 | sat, lad, mar, gar, vase, warst, mar |
19 | ʌ | butt, but, buss, buff, wird, fur n. |
1. See the Scots vouel lenth rule.
2. In the North [e] afore [n] in <ane> merges wi 2.
3. Some o thir's the affcome o 7 afore [k] an [x] giein [(j)u] or [(j)ʌ] an aw.
4. [ɪ] efter [ʍ] an [w] aften merges wi 19.
Vouels athort sindry dialects eedit
The allophones o the phonemes abuin afore /t/ in a puckle dialects. (fae Catford 1957, Gregg 1958, Dieth 1932)
Aitken's Nummer |
Bute | Lanrick- shire |
Berwick- shire |
North Kircudbright |
East Fife |
Kircudbright | Mid Antrim |
N.E. Angus |
Buchan | Key wirds |
2 /i/ | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | beet |
3 /i, e/ | e | e | e | e | e | ẹ | e: | e- | beat | |
8 /e:/ | e: | e̜ | ɛ̣: | eˑ | bait | |||||
16 /ɛ/ | ɛ̣ | ɛ | ɛˑ | ɛ | ɛ̜ | ɛ̜ | ɛ: | ɛ | e | met |
17 /a/ | ä | ä | ä | ɑ | ä | ɑ̈ | ɑ: | ɑ̈ | ɑ | fat |
12 /ɑ:, ɔ:/ | o | ɔ | ɒ: | ɔ: | ɑ: | ɑ: | faut | |||
18 /ɔ/ | o | o | o | ɔ | ɔ: | o̜ | o | cot | ||
5 /o:/ | o | o | o: | o: | oˑ 1 | coat | ||||
19 /ʌ/ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ̫ | ʌ | cut |
6 /u/ | ü | ʉ | u | u | ü | u | ü | u | u | aboot |
15 /ɪ/ | ɜ | ɛ̈ | ë̜ | ë | ɛ̈ | ë | ɪ̈ / æ̈ | ɜ | |
bit |
7 /ø/ | ɪ | ɪ̈ | ɪ̈ | ɪ̈ | ø | i | buit 2 |
1. Richtly [kwəit] acause efter /k/ but ither gates /oˑ/ afore /t/.
2. in aw thir dialects, ceptna N.E. Angus an Buchan, in lang environs merged wi vouel 4 no shawn here.
Consonants eedit
Consonant chairt eedit
This is the Scots Consonant Seestem uisin IPA seembols.
bilabial | labio- dental |
dental | alveolar | post- alveolar |
palatal | velar | glottal | labial-velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plosive | p b | d̪ t̪ 1 | t d | k g | ʔ 4 | ||||
nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
flap | r | ||||||||
fricative | ɸ β 2 | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ç 5 | x 5 | h | |
affricate | ɕ ʑ 3 | tʃ dʒ | |||||||
approximant | ɹ | j | ʍ6 w | ||||||
lateral approximant | l, ɫ7 |
Fitmerks:
1. [d̪] an [t̪] whiles kythes for /d/ an /t/ afore /(ə)r/ in Erse influenced dialects o Ulster an whiles in Gaelic influenced dialects in Scotland. Examples: attercap, bedrall, better, bowster, conseeder, craitur, draucht, straik, traivel.
2. [ɸ] an [β] whiles kythes for /f/ an /v/ in Erse influenced dialects o Ulster. For ordinar written <f> an <v>.
3. [ɕ] an [ʑ] whiles kythes for /ʃ/ an /ʒ/ in Erse influenced dialects o Ulster. Examples brainch, creash, cusion, fusionless, hinge, ingine. Seemilar wi [tɕ] an [dʑ] for /tʃ/ an /dʒ/ Examples: deuk, fadge, jaiket, juist, sodger, veelage, brooch, cabbitch, chimley, gilravage, steuchie, teuch.
4. [ʔ] kythes for /t/ atween twa vouels an wird final in mony dialects. Whiles for /k/ an /p/ an aw. Examples: butter, maiter, whit.
5. [ç] for ordinar wird ineetial or efter a front vouel an [x] efter a back vouel. Examples: hue, huge, human, heuk, laich, lauchter, loch, nicht, pech.
6. In northren dialects [ʍ] is aften soondit /f/ or [ɸ] an whiles /w/ in recent lend wirds. Example: wha whippit the white whalpie?
7. For ordinar [ɫ] but in airts whaur Gaelic wis no lang syne spak, e'en in Dumfries an Gallowa [l] micht kythe.
Semplifee'd or soondit ither eedit
Antrin consonant clusters is semplifee'd or soondit different athort the dialects
/xt/ for ordinar written <cht> but whiles /θ/ in northren dialects. Examples: dochter, micht.
/gn/ for ordinar written <gn> bides sae in mony northren dialects but is semplifee'd tae /n/ in ithers. Examples: gnap, gnaw.
/kn/ for ordinar written <kn> bides sae in mony northren dialects or kythes as /tn/ but is semplifee'd tae /n/ in ithers. Examples: knee, knap, knowe.
/wr/ for ordinar semplifee'd tae /r/ but aiblins /vr/ in some northren dialects. Examples: wrack, wrang, write, wricht.
/ld/ an /nd/ is aften semplifee'd tae /l/ an /d/. Examples: auld, haund.
See forby eedit
- A guid compearin o the phonemes athort the Scots dialects (PDF 419kb), Andy Eagle, 2001 (in Inglis)