Cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compoond wi the formula (C
6H
10O
5)
n, a polysaccharide consistin o a linear chain o several hundrit tae mony thoosands o β(1→4) airtit D-glucose units.[3][4] Cellulose is an important structural component o the primar cell waw o green plants, miny forms o algae an the oomycetes. Some species o bacteria secrete it tae form biofilms.[5] Cellulose is the maist abundant organic polymer on Yird.[6] The cellulose content o cotton feebre is 90%, that o wid is 40–50%, an that o dried hemp is approximately 57%.[7][8][9]
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| Identifiers | |
|---|---|
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.029.692 |
| E nummer | E460 (thickeners, ...) |
| UNII | |
| Properties | |
| (C 6H 10O 5) n | |
| Appearance | white pouder |
| Density | 1.5 g/cm3 |
| Meltin pynt | decomposes |
| none | |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy o formation ΔfH |
−963 kJ mol−1 |
| Std enthalpy o combustion ΔcH |
−2828 kJ mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
| NFPA 704 | |
| US heal exposur leemits (NIOSH): | |
PEL (Permissible)
|
TWA 15 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp)[2] |
| Relatit compoonds | |
Except whaur itherwise notit, data are gien for materials in thair staundart state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
 verify (whit is   ?)
| |
| Infobox references | |
Cellulose is mainly uised tae produce paperbuird an paper. Smawer quantities are convertit intae a wide variety o derivative products sic as cellophane an rayon. Conversion o cellulose frae energy craps intae biofuels sic as cellulosic ethanol is unner investigation as an alternative fuel soorce. Cellulose for industrial uise is mainly obtained frae wid pulp an cotton.[6]
Some ainimals, pairteecularly ruminants an termites, can digest cellulose wi the help o symbiotic micro-organisms that leeve in thair guts, sic as Trichonympha. In human nutreetion, cellulose is a non-digeestible constituent o insoluble dietar feebre, actin as a hydrophilic boukin augent for faeces an potentially aidin in defecation.
ReferencesEedit
- ↑ Nishiyama, Yoshiharu; Langan, Paul; Chanzy, Henri (2002). "Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose Iβ from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (31): 9074–82. doi:10.1021/ja0257319. PMID 12149011.
- ↑ NIOSH Pocket Guide tae Chemical Hazards 0110
- ↑ Crawford, R. L. (1981). Lignin biodegradation and transformation. New York: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-05743-6.
- ↑ Updegraff DM (1969). "Semimicro determination of cellulose in biological materials". Analytical Biochemistry. 32 (3): 420–424. doi:10.1016/S0003-2697(69)80009-6. PMID 5361396.
- ↑ Romeo, Tony (2008). Bacterial biofilms. Berlin: Springer. pp. 258–263. ISBN 978-3-540-75418-3.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Klemm, Dieter; Heublein, Brigitte; Fink, Hans-Peter; Bohn, Andreas (2005). "Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (22): 3358–93. doi:10.1002/anie.200460587. PMID 15861454.
- ↑ Cellulose. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 11, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ↑ Chemical Composition of Wood. ipst.gatech.edu.
- ↑ Piotrowski, Stephan and Carus, Michael (May 2011) Multi-criteria evaluation of lignocellulosic niche crops for use in biorefinery processes. nova-Institut GmbH, Hürth, Germany.